大学英语四级

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大学英语四级大学英语六级大学英语三级专四专八成人英语三级商务英语雅思 GRE

It is easier to negotiate initial salary requirement because once you are inside, the organizational constraints (约束) influence wage increases. One thing, however, is certain： your chances of getting the raise you feel you deserve are less if you don’ t at least ask for it. Men tend to ask for more, and they get more, and this holds true with other resources, not just pay increases. Consider Beth’s story:　　I did not get what I wanted when I did not ask for it. We had cubicle(小隔间) offices and window offices. I sat in the cubicles with several male colleagues. One by one they were moved into window offices, while I remained in the cubicles. Several males who were hired after me also went to offices. One in particular told me he was next in line for an office and that it had been part of his negotiations for the job. I guess they thought me content to stay in the cubicles since I did not voice my opinion either way.　　It would be nice if we all received automatic pay increases equal to our merit, but "nice" isn’t a quality attributed to most organizations. If you feel you deserve a significant raise in pay, you’ll probably have to ask for it.　　Performance is your best bargaining chip(筹码)when you are seeking a raise. You must be able to demonstrate that you deserve a raise. Timing is also a good bargaining chip. If you can give your boss something he or she needs (a new client or a sizable contract, for example) just before merit pay decisions are being made, you are more likely to get the raise you want.　　Use information as a bargaining chip too. Find out what you are worth on the　　open market. What will someone else pay for your services?　　Go into the negotiations prepared to place your chips on the table at the appropriate time and prepared to use communication style to guide the direction of the interaction. 答案解析
I’m usually fairly skeptical about any research that concludes that people are either happier or unhappier or more or less certain of themselves than they were 50 years ago. While any of their statements might be true, they are practically impossible to prove scientifically. Still, I was stuck by a report which concluded that today’s children are significantly more anxious than children in the 1950s. In fact, the analysis showed, normal children aging 9 to 17 exhibit a higher level of anxiety today than children who were treated for mental illness 50 years ago.　　Why are America’s kids, so stressed? The report cites two main causes: increasing physical isolation, brought on by high divorce rates and less involvement in community, among other things and a growing perception that the world is a more dangerous place.　　Given that we can’t turn the clock back, adults can still do plenty to help the next generation cope. At the top of the list is nurturing (培育) a better appreciation of the limits of individualism. No child is an island. Strengthening social ties helps build communities and protect individuals against stress.　　To help kids build stronger connections with others you can pull the plug on TVs and computers. Your family will thank you later. They will have more time for face-to-face relationships, and they will get more sleep.　　Limit the amount of virtual (虚拟的) violence your children are exposed to. It’s not just video games and movies; children see a lot of murder and crime on the local news.　　Keep your expectations for your children reasonable. Many highly successful people, never attended Harvard or Yale.　　Make exercise part of your daily routine. It will help you cope with your own anxieties and provide a good model for your kids. Sometimes anxiety is unavoidable. But it doesn’t have to ruin your life. 答案解析
The decline in moral standards—which has long concerned social analysts—has at last captured the attention of average Americans. And Jean Bethke Elshtain, for one, is glad.　　The fact the ordinary citizens are now starting to think seriously about the nation’s moral climate, says this ethics (伦理学) professor at the University of Chicago, is reason to hope that new ideas will come forward to improve it.　　But the challenge is not to be underestimated. Materialism and individualism in American society are the biggest obstacles. "The thought that ‘I’m in it for me’ has become deeply rooted in the national consciousness," Ms. Elshtain says. Some of this can be attributed to the disintegration of traditional communities, in which neighbors looked out for one another, she says. With today’s greater mobility and with so many couples working, those bends have been weakened, replaced by a greater emphasis on self.　　In a 1996 poll of Americans, loss of morality topped the list of the biggest problems facing the U.S. And Elshtain says the public is correct to sense that: Data show that Americans are struggling with problems unheard of in the 1950s, such as classroom violence and a high rate of births to unmarried mothers.　　The desire for a higher moral standard is not a lament (挽歌) for some non-existent "golden age," Elshtain says, nor is it a wishful (一厢情愿的) longing for a time that denied opportunities to women and minorities. Most people, in fact, favor the lessening of prejudice.　　Moral decline will not be reversed until people find ways to counter the materialism in society, she says. "Slowly, you recognize that the things that matter are those that can’t be bought." 答案解析
A recent study, published in last week’s Journal of the American Medical Association, offers a picture of how risky it is to get a lift from a teenage driver. Indeed, a 16-year-old driver with three or more passengers is three times as likely to have a fatal accident as a teenager driving alone. By contrast, the risk of death for drivers between 30 and 59 decreases with each additional passenger.　　The authors also found that the death rates for teenage drivers increased dramatically after 10 p. m., and especially after midnight. With passengers in the car, the driver was even more likely to die in a late-night accident.　　Robert Foss, a scientist at the University of North Carolina Highway Research Center, says the higher death rates for teenage driver have less to do with "really stupid behavior" than with just a lack of driving experience. "The basic issue." He says, "is that adults who are responsible for issuing licenses fail to recognize how complex and skilled a task driving is."　　Both he and the author of the study believe that the way to mitigate (使……缓解) the problem is to have states institute so-called graduated licensing systems, in which getting a license is a multistage process. A graduated license requires that a teenager first prove himself capable of driving in the presence of an adult, followed by a period of driving with night of passenger restrictions, before graduating to full driving privileges.　　Graduated licensing systems have reduced teenage driver crashes, according to recent studies, about half of the states now have some sort of graduated licensing system in place, but only 10 of those states have restrictions on passengers, California is the strictest, with a novice (新手) driver prohibited from carrying any passenger under 20 (without the presence of an adult over 25) for the first six months. 答案解析
In 1993, New York state ordered stores to charge a deposit on beverage(饮料) containers. Within a year, consumers had returned millions of aluminum cans and glass and plastic bottles. Plenty of companies were eager to accept the aluminum and glass as raw materials for new products. But because few could figure out what to do with the plastic, much of it wound up buried in landfills(垃圾填埋场). The problem was not limited to New York. Unfortunately, there were too few uses for second-hand plastic. Today, one out of five plastic soda bottles is recycled(回收利用) in the United States. The reason for the change is that now there are dozens of companies across the country buying discarded plastic soda bottles and turning hem into fence posts, paint brushes, etc. As the New York experience shows, recycling involves more than simply separating valuable materials from the rest of the rubbish. A discard remains a discard until somebody figures out how to give it a second life—and until economic arrangements exist to give that second life value. Without adequate markets to absorb materials collected for recycling, throwaways actually depress prices for used materials. Shrinking landfill space, and rising costs for buying and burying rubbish are forcing local governments to look more closely at recycling. In many areas, the East Coast especially; recycling is already the least expensive waste-management option. For every ton of waste recycled, a city avoids paying for its disposal, which in parts of New York, amounts to saving people for more than $100 per ton. Recycling also stimulates the local economy by creating jobs and trims the pollution control and energy costs of industry that make recycled products by giving them a more refined raw material. 答案解析
Humanity uses a little less than half the water available worldwide. Yet occurrences of shortages and droughts(干旱)are causing famine and distress in some areas, and industrial and agricultural by-products are polluting water supplies. Since the world’s population is expected to double in the next 50 years, many experts think we are on the edge of a widespread water crisis.　　But that doesn’t have to be the outcome. Water shortages do not have to trouble the world—if we start valuing water more than we have in the past. Just as we began to appreciate petroleum more after the 1970s oil crises, today we must start looking at water from a fresh economic perspective. We can no longer afford to consider water a virtually free resource of which we can use as much as we like in any way we want.　　Instead, for all uses except the domestic demand of the poor, governments should price water to reflect its actual value. This means charging a fee for the water itself as well as for the supply costs.　　Governments should also protect this resource by providing water m more economically and environmentally sound ways. For example, often the cheapest way to provide irrigation(灌溉)water in the dry tropics is through stroll-scale projects, such as gathering rainfall in depressions (凹地)and pumping it to nearby cropland.　　No matter what steps governments take to provide water more efficiently, they must change their institutional and legal approaches to water sue. Rather than spread control among hundreds or even thousands of local, regional, and national agencies that watch various aspects of water use, countries should set up central authorities to coordinate water policy. 答案解析
While still in its early stages, welfare reform has already been judged a great success in many states—at least in getting people off welfare. It’s estimated that more than 2 million people have left the, rolls since 1994.　　In the past four years, welfare rolls in Athens Country have been cut in half. But 70 percent of the people who left in the past two years took jobs that paid less than $ 6 an hour. The result.. The Athens County poverty rate still remains at more than 30 percent—twice the national average.　　For advocates(代言人)for the poor, that’s an indication much more needs to be done.　　"More people are getting jobs, but it’s not making their lives any better," says Kathy Lairn, a policy analyst at the Center on Budget and Priorities in Washington.　　A center analysis of US Census data nationwide found that between 1995 and 1996—a greater percentage of single, female-headed households were earning money on their own, but that average income for these households actually went down.　　But for many, the fact that poor people are able to support themselves almost as well without government aid as they did with it is in itself a huge victory.　　"Welfare was a poison. It was a toxin(毒素)that was poisoning the family," says Robert Rector, a welfare-reform policy analyst. "The reform is changing the moral climate in low-income communities. It’s beginning to rebuild the work ethic(道德观), which is much more important."　　Mr. Rector and others argued that once "the habit of dependency is cracked", then the country can made other policy changes aimed at improving living standards. 答案解析
Americans are proud of their variety and individuality, yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform, whether it is the uniform of an elevator operator or the uniform of a five-star general. Why are uniforms so popular in the United States?　　Among the arguments for uniforms, one of the first is that in the eyes of most people they look more professional than civilian clothes. People have become conditioned to expect superior quality from a man who wears a uniform. The television repairman who wears uniform tends to inspire more trust than one who appears in civilian clothes. Faith in the skill of a garage mechanic is increased by a uniform. What easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to lose professional identity(身份) than to step out of uniform?　　Uniform also have many practical benefits. They save on other clothes. They save on laundry bills. They are tax-deductible(可减税的). They are often more comfortable and more durable than civilian clothes.　　Primary among the arguments against uniforms are their lack of variety and the consequent loss of individuality experienced by people who must wear them. Though there are many types of uniforms, the wearer of any particular type is generally stuck with it, without change, until retirement. When people look alike, they tend to think, speak, and act similarly, on the job at least.　　Uniform also give rise to some practical problems. Though they are long lasting, often their initial expense is greater than the cost of civilian clothes. Some uniforms are also expensive to maintain, requiring professional dry cleaning rather than the home laundering possible with many types of civilian clothes. 答案解析
A is for always getting to work on time.　　B is for being extremely busy.　　C is for the conscientious(尽责的)way you do our job.　　You may be all these things at the office, and more. But when it comes to getting ahead, expert’s say, the ABCs of business should include a policy for politics, as in office politics.　　Dale Carnegie suggested as much more than 50 years ago. Hard work alone doesn’t ensure career advancement. You have to be able to sell yourself and your ideas, both publicly and behind the scenes. Yet, despite the obvious rewards of engaging in office politics--a better job, a raise, praise--many people are still unable or unwilling to "play the game".　　"People assume that office politics involves some manipulative (工于心计的) behavior," says Deborah Comer, an assistant professor of management at Hofstra University. "But politics derives from the word ‘polite’. It can mean lobbying and forming associations. It can mean being kind and helpful, or even trying to please your superior, and then expecting something in return."　　In fact, today, experts define office politics as proper behavior used to pursue one’s own self-interest the workplace. In many cases, this involves some form of socializing within the office environment--not just in large companies, but in small workplaces as well.　　"The first thing people are usually judged on is their ability to perform well on a consistent basis," says Nell. P. Lewis, a management psychologist. "But if two or three candidates are up for a promotion, each of whom has reasonably similar ability, a manager is going to promote the person he or she likes best. It’s simple human nature."　　Yet, psychologists say, many employees and employers have trouble with the concept of politics in the office. Some people, they say have an idealistic vision of work and what it takes to succeed. Still others associate politics with flattery(奉承) ,fearful that, if they speak up for themselves, they may appear to be flattering their boss for favors. Experts suggest altering this negative picture by recognizing the need for some self-promotion. 答案解析
下列关于金融期货投资者义务的说法中，错误的是（）。答案解析
自然人投资者甲向期货公司会员乙申请开立股指期货交易编码，乙对甲进行了审查，发现甲有若干地方不太符合标准，于是期货公司会员乙适当调整了一下对投资者的适当性标准，给甲开立了股指期货交易编码。根据上述资料，请回答123-124题。甲申请股指期货交易编码应当具备的条件是（　）。答案解析
According to a survey, which was based on the responses of over 188,000 students, today’s traditional-agecollege freshmen are ”more materialistic and less altruistic (利他主义的)” than at any time in the 17 years of the poll.　　Not surprising in these hard times, the student’s major objective “is to be financially well off. Less important than ever is developing a meaningful philosophy of life.” It follows then that today the most popular course is not literature or history but accounting.　　Interest in teaching, social service and the“altruistic”fields is at a low. On the other hand, enrollment in business programs, engineering and computer science is way up.　　That’s no surprise either. A friend of mine (a sales representative for a chemical company) was making twice the salary of her college instructors her first year on the job-even before she completed her two-yearassociate degree.　　While it’s true that we all need a career, it is equally true that our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge in fields far removed from our own and that we are better for our understanding of these other contributions m be they scientific or artistic. It is equally true that, in studying thediverse wisdom of others, we learn how to think. More important, perhaps, education teaches us to see the connections between things, as well as to see beyond our immediate needs.　　Weekly we read of unions who went on strike for higher wages, only to drive their employer out of business.No company; no job. How shortsighted in the long run!　　But the most important argument for a broad education is that in studying the accumulated wisdom of the ages, we improve our moral sense. I saw a cartoon recently which shows a group of businessmen looking puzzled as they sit around a conference table; one of them is talking on the intercom (对讲机): “Miss Baxter,”he says, “could you please send in someone who can distinguish right from wrong?”　　From the long-term point of view, that’s what education really ought to be about. 答案解析
期货从业人员王某利用工作之便了解到所在公司一些客户的交易信息，王某不仅自己利用客户的交易信息从事期货交易，还把信息透露给亲朋好友。期货公司了解到上述情形后，开除了王某，期货公司应当在对王某做出处分决定后向（　）报告。答案解析
均数适用于答案解析
会员制期货交易所应设立理事会，每届任期（　　）年。答案解析
金融期货投资者适当性制度规定，自然人投资者申请开立金融期货交易编码时保证金账户可用资金余额不低于人民币()。答案解析
王某是某期货公司从业人员，在从业过程中，王某为了发展业务，对其客户谎称另一期货从业人员经常出去赌钱，现在欠了很多赌债，千万不要把自己的期货交易委托给他管理。根据《期货从业人员执业行为准则》的规定，王某受到暂停从业资格处分后，应当（　　）。答案解析
According to a survey, which was based on the responses of over 188,000 students, today’s traditional-agecollege freshmen are ”more materialistic and less altruistic (利他主义的)” than at any time in the 17 years of the poll.　　Not surprising in these hard times, the student’s major objective “is to be financially well off. Less important than ever is developing a meaningful philosophy of life.” It follows then that today the most popular course is not literature or history but accounting.　　Interest in teaching, social service and the“altruistic”fields is at a low. On the other hand, enrollment in business programs, engineering and computer science is way up.　　That’s no surprise either. A friend of mine (a sales representative for a chemical company) was making twice the salary of her college instructors her first year on the job-even before she completed her two-yearassociate degree.　　While it’s true that we all need a career, it is equally true that our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge in fields far removed from our own and that we are better for our understanding of these other contributions m be they scientific or artistic. It is equally true that, in studying thediverse wisdom of others, we learn how to think. More important, perhaps, education teaches us to see the connections between things, as well as to see beyond our immediate needs.　　Weekly we read of unions who went on strike for higher wages, only to drive their employer out of business.No company; no job. How shortsighted in the long run!　　But the most important argument for a broad education is that in studying the accumulated wisdom of the ages, we improve our moral sense. I saw a cartoon recently which shows a group of businessmen looking puzzled as they sit around a conference table; one of them is talking on the intercom (对讲机): “Miss Baxter,”he says, “could you please send in someone who can distinguish right from wrong?”　　From the long-term point of view, that’s what education really ought to be about. 答案解析
李某发现近段时间期货交易行情很好，于是找到其在期货公司（非国有）工作的朋王某，给其5万元钱的“劳务费"，让他帮忙寻找点“有用信息”。王某利用其职务上的便利，多次非法向李某提供内鞯信息，李某从中获利10万余元。另外，据调查，王某还曾于2009年5月份帮助某走私集团顺利通过期货交易将走私所得转移出去,并从中获得20 万元好处费。根据该案例，回答以下题目:向王某提供劳务费的行为构成（）答案解析
Educators today are more and more often heard to say that computer literacy is absolutely necessary forcollege students. Many even argue that each incoming freshman should have permanent access to his or her ownmicrocomputer. What advantages do computers offer the college students?Any student who has used a word processor will know one compelling reason to use a computer: to writepapers. Although not all students feel comfortable composing' on a word processor, most find revising and editingmuch easier on it. One can alter, insert, or delete just by pressing a few keys, thus eliminating the need to rewrite orre-type. Furthermore, since the revision process is less burdensome, students are more likely to revise as often as isnecessary to end up with the best paper possible. For these reasons, many freshman English courses require the useof a word processor. Computers are also useful in the context of language courses, where they are used to drill students in basicskills. Software programs reinforce ESL (English as a Second Language.instruction, as well as instruction inFrench, German, Spanish, and other languages. By using these programs on a regular basis, students can improvetheir proficiency in a language while proceeding at their own pace. Science students take advantage of computers in many ways. Using computer graphic capabilities, forexample, botany students can represent and analyze different plant growth patterns. Medical students can learn tointerpret computerized images of internal body structures. Physics students can complete complex calculations farmore quickly than they could without the use of computer. Similarly, business and accounting students find that computer spreadsheet programs are all but indispensableto many aspects of their work, while students pursuing careers in graphic arts, marketing, and public relations findthat knowledge of computer graphic is important. Education majors learn to develop grading systems usingcomputers, while social science students use computers for analyzing and graphically displacing their researchresults. It is no wonder, then, that educators support the purchase and use of microcomputers by students. A versatiletool, the computer can help students learn. And that is, after all, the reason for going to college. 答案解析