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A. Does the language we speak determine how healthy and rich we will be? New research by Keith Chen of Yale Business School suggests so. The structure of languages affects our judgments and decisions about the future and this might have dramatic long-term consequences.
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/C. Resisting our impulses for immediate pleasure is often the only way to attain the outcomes that are important to us. We want to keep a slim figure but we also want that last slice of pizza. We want a comfortable retirement, but we also want to drive that dazzling car, go on that dream vacation, or get those gorgeous shoes.Some people are better at delaying gratification (满足. than others. Those people have a better chance of accumulating wealth and keeping a healthy life style. They are less likely to be impulse buyers or smokers, or to engage in unsafe sex.
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/D. Chen's recent findings suggest that an unlikely factor, language, strongly affects our future-oriented behavior. Some languages strongly distinguish the present and the future. Other languages only weakly distinguish the present and the future. Chen's recent research suggests that people who speak languages that weakly distinguish the present and the future are better prepared for the future. They accumulate more wealth and they are better able to maintain their health. The way these people conceptualize the future is similar to the way they conceptualize the present. As a result, the future does not feel very distant and it is easier for them to act in accordance with their future interests.
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/E. Different languages have different ways of talking about the future. Some languages, such as English, Korean,and Russian, require their speakers to refer to the future explicitly ( 明确的.. Every time English-speakers talk about the future, they have to use future markers such as "will" or "going to." In other languages, such as Mandarin, Japanese, and German, future markers are not obligatory (强制性的.. The future is often talked about similar to the way present is talked about and the meaning is understood from the context. A Mandarin speaker who is going to go to a seminar might say "Wo qu ting jiangzuo," which translates to "I go listen seminar." Languages such as English constantly remind their speakers that future events are distant. For speakers of languages such as Mandarin future feels closer. As a consequence, resisting immediate impulses and investing for the future is easier for Mandarin speakers.
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/F. Chert analyzed individual-level data from 76 developed and developing countries. This data includes people's economic decisions, such as whether they saved any money last year, the languages they speak at home,demographics (人口统计资料., and cultural factors such as "saving is an important cultural value for me."He also analyzed individual-level data on people's retirement assets, smoking and exercising habits, and general health in older age. Lastly, he analyzed national-level data that includes national savings rates, country GDP and GDP growth rates, country demographics, and proportions of people speaking different languages.
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/G. People's savings rates are affected by various factors such as their income, education level, age, religious connection, their countries' legal systems, and their cultural values. After those factors were accounted for, the effect of language on people’s savings rates turned out to be big．Speaking a language that has obligatory future markers，such as English，makes people 30 percent less likely to save money for the future．This effect is as large as the effect of unemployment．Being unemployed decreases the likelihood of saving by about 30 percent as well．
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/H.Similar analyses showed that speaking a language that does not have obligatory future markers，such as Mandarin，makes people accumulate more retirement assets，smoke less，exercise more，and generally be healthier in older age．Countries’ national savings rates are also affected by language．Having a larger proportion of people speaking languages mat does not have obligatory future markers makes national savings rates higher．
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/I. At a more practical level，researchers have been looking for ways to help people act in accordance with their long-term interests．Recent findings suggest that making the future feel closer to the present might improve future-oriented behavior．For instance，researchers recently presented people with renderings of their future selves made using age-progression algorithms(算法.that forecast how physical appearances would changeover time．One group of participants saw a digital representation of their current selves in a virtual mirror，and the other group saw an age-morphed version of their future selves．Those participants who saw the age-morphed version of their future selves allocated more money toward a hypothetical savings account．The intervention brought people’s future to the present and as a result they saved more for the future。
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/J.Chen’s research shows that language structures our future-related thoughts．Language has been used before to alter time perception with surprising effects．Ellen Langer and colleagues famously improved older people’s physical health by simple interventions including asking them to talk about the events of twenty years ago as if it they were happening now．．Talking about the past as if it were the present changed people’s mindsets and their mindsets affected their physical states．Chen’s research points at the possibility that the way we talk about the future can shape our mindsets．Language can move the future back and forth in our mental space and this might have dramatic influences on our judgments and decisions．

1.[选词填空]Recent findings show that it is possible to improve future—oriented behavior through making the future feel closer to the present．

2.[选词填空]Chen made an analysis of individual—level statistics from 76 developed and developing nations．

3.[选词填空]Usually，preventing ourselves from enjoying immediate pleasure impulsively is the only way to achieve the outcomes that are important to us．

4.[选词填空]Through simple interventions，Ellen Langer and colleagues made the physical health of the older people changed for the better．

5.[选词填空]According to the well—known marshmallow studies，people who can resist temptation tend to be successful in the future．

6.[选词填空]In Chen’s recent research．people who speak languages in which the present and the future are weakly distinguished are more prepared for the future．

7.[选词填空]Speaking a language that has obligatory future markers and being unemployed nearly share the same percentage of decreasing the likelihood of saving．

8.[选词填空]National savings rates of countries are influenced by language as well．

9.[选词填空]The structure of languages influences us when we are making a judgment or decision about the future．

10.[选词填空]People who speak languages like English are more likely to feel that the future events are distant．

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在我国，某交易者在4月28日卖出10手7月份白糖期货合约同时买入10手9月份白糖期货合约，价格分别为5350元/吨和5400元/吨。5月5日该交易者对上述合约全部对冲平仓7月和9月合约平仓价格分别为5380元/吨和5480元/吨。该套利交易（）元。（白糖期货交易单位为10吨/手，不计手续费等费用）
A盈利2500
B盈利5000
C亏损5000
D亏损2500
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A. Robots have been the stuff of science fiction for so long that it is surprisingly hard to see them as the stuff of management fact. A Czech playw, Karel Capek, gave them their name in 1920 (from the Slavonic word for "work".. An American writer, Isaac Asimov, confronted them with their most memorable dilemmas. Hollywood turned them into superheroes and super villains. When some film critics drew up lists of Hollywood's 50 greatest good guys and 50 greatest baddies, the only character to appear on both lists was a robot, the Terminator.
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/C. America's armed forces have blazed a trail here. They now have no fewer than 12,000 robots serving in their ranks. Peter Singer, of the Brookings Institution, a think-tank ( 智囊团., says mankind' s 5,000-year monopoly on the fighting of war is breaking down. Recent additions to the battlefield include tiny "insects" that perform reconnaissance (侦查 . missions and giant "dogs" to terrify enemies. The Pentagon is also working on the EATR, a robot that fuels itself by eating whatever biomass ( 生物量 . it finds around it.
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/D. But the civilian world cannot be far behind. Who better to clean sewers or suck up nuclear waste than these remarkable machines? The Japanese have made surprisingly little use of robots to clear up after the recent earthquake, given their world leadership in this area. They say that they had the wrong sort of robots in the wrong places. But they have issued a global call for robotic assistance and are likely to put more robots to work shortly.
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/E. As robots advance into the service industries they are starting to look less like machines and more like living creatures. The Paro (made by/LIST, a Japanese research agency. is shaped like a baby seal and responds to attention. Honda's robot, ASIMO, is humanoid and can walk, talk and respond to commands.
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/F. Until now executives have largely ignored robots, regarding them as an engineering rather than a management problem. This cannot go on: robots are becoming too powerful and ubiquitous (无处不在的.. Companies may need to rethink their strategies as they gain access to these new sorts of workers. Do they really need to outsource production to China, for example, when they have clever machines that work ceaselessly without pay? They certainly need to rethink their human-resources policies--starting by questioning whether they should have departments devoted to purely human resources.
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/G. The first issue is how to manage the robots themselves. Asimov laid down the basic rule in 1942: no robot should harm a human. This rule has been reinforced by recent technological improvements: robots are now much more sensitive to their surroundings and can be instructed to avoid hitting people. But the Pentagon's plans make all this a bit more complicated: many of its robots will be, in essence, killing machines.
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/H. A second question is how to manage the homo side of homo-robo relations. Workers have always worded that new technologies will take away their livelihoods, ever since the original Luddites' fears about mechanised looms. That worry takes on a particularly intense form when the machines come with a human face: Capek's play that gave robots their name depicted a world in which they initially brought lots of benefits but eventually led to mass unemployment and discontent. Now, the arrival of increasingly humanoid automatons in workplaces, in an era of high unemployment, is bound to provoke a reaction.
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/I. So, companies will need to work hard to persuade workers that robots are productivity-enhancers, not just job-eating aliens. They need to show employees that the robot sitting alongside them can be more of a helpmate than a threat. Audi has been particularly successful in introducing industrial robots because the car maker asked workers to identify areas where robots could improve performance and then gave those workers jobs overseeing the robots. Employers also need to explain that robots can help preserve manufacturing jobs in the rich world: one reason why Germany has lost fewer such jobs than Britain is that it has five times as many robots for every 10,000 workers.
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/J. These two principles---don't let robots hurt or fen people--are relatively simple. Robot scientists are tackling more complicated problems as robots become more sophisticated. They are keen to avoid hierarchies (层级. among rescue-robots (because the loss of the leader would render the rest redundant.. So they are using game theory to make sure the robots can communicate with each other in egalitarian (平等. ways. They are keen to avoid duplication between robots and their human handlers. So they are producing more complicated mathematical formulae in order that robots can constantly adjust themselves to human intentions. This suggests that the world could be on the verge of a great management revolution: making robots behave like humans rather than the 20th century's preferred option, making humans behave like robots.
1.[选词填空]Robots appear more like living creatures as they enter into the service industry.
2.[选词填空]According to the Pentagon's plans, many of its robots will essentially become killing machines.
3.[选词填空]The fact that more and more human-like robots are used in workplaces will surely arouse reaction in a time of high unemployment.
4.[选词填空]Tomorrow's robots will be free to move around rather than being locked up in cages so as not to hurt people.
5.[选词填空]Companies should show their workers that robots can be more of a helper rather than a threat to them.
6.[选词填空]The example that Germany has lost fewer manufacturing jobs than Britain shows that robots can help preserve manufacturing jobs in the rich world.
7.[选词填空]Scientists are trying to enable robots to constantly adjust themselves to people's intentions.
8.[选词填空]It is not easy for people to regard robots as management stuff, for the later are mostly seen in science fictions.
9.[选词填空]Robots, who are considered as an engineering instead of a management problem, have been largely neglected by executives.
10.[选词填空]The Japanese didn't use a lot of robots to clear up after the recent earthquake, considering their word leadership in the robot field.
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某日，大豆的9月份期货合约价格为3500元/吨，当天现货市场上的同种大豆价格为3000元/吨。则下列说法中不正确的是( )。
A基差为-500元/吨
B此时市场状态为反向市场
C现货价格低于期货价格可能是由于期货价格中包含持仓费用
D此时大豆市场的现货供应可能较为充足
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能够将市场价格风险转移给( )是期货市场套期保值功能的实质。
A套期保值者
B生产经营者
C期货交易所
D期货投机者
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style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);/ style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);/B） The House of Representatives is the lower house of the bicameral Congress. The membership of the House is distributed among the states according to their different populations. Since 1910, the House has had a permanent membership of 435, with each Representative representing about half a million Americans. Under the principle that each state is guaranteed at least one representative, Nevada, a state with a small population. sends only one Representative to the House. California has more than 40 Representatives in the House because of its large population.
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);/C） The election of Representatives is organized by the state legislature which divides the state into a number of districts known as Congressional districts. Each district, with a population of nearly half a million, elects one Representative to the House. A Representative’s term of office is set at two years, but there is no limit to the number of his terms. A new Representative can hardly feel easy about his position. Hardly has he begun his work in the Congress when he finds it’s time for him to seek re-election.
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);/D） The Senate is the upper house of the US Congress. Representation in the Senate is based on the principle of state equality. The Senate is comprised of l00 Senators, two from each of the fifty states. Senators have been directly elected by voters of their respective states since 1913. Their term of office is six years. With one-third of the Senate seats up for election every two years. A Senator must be at least thirty years old and a citizen for nine years.
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);/ style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);/E） Generally speaking, Senators are accorded greater prestige than their colleagues in the lower house. Many Representatives aspire to win the election to the Senate. Senators derive their prestige from the following facts. They are less numerous, for there are fewer than one fourth as many Senators as Representatives, or Congressmen. Elected by the whole state instead of a single congressional district, most Senators represent more constituents (选民) than do House members. They are less worried by the problem of seeking re-electives. What’s more, the Senate has special powers which it does not share with the House. It has the power to approve or deny proposed treaties, nominations proposed by the President. In line with the tradition of “senatorial courtesy (礼貌)” , the Senate always rejects a nominee who is objected to by a Senator of the state from which he comes.
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);/F） It won’t do to neglect the importance of the Senate in foreign affairs. Without its cooperation and support, the President can hardly take any significant action in foreign relations. A Secretary of State on good terms with the Senators is always important for the President. Foreign countries must try to establish good relations with the US Senate if they intend to make a bargain with the United States.
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);/ style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);/G） The presiding (主持的) officer of the Senate is the Vice President who functions as a kind chairman when the Senate is in session (开会). The chief spokesman of the House is known as the Speaker who is the leader of the majority party in the House. The Speaker is the most influential figure in the House because he directs his party’s forces in legislative battles.
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);/ style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);/H） The Congress is a legislative body, but it relies on its various committees to do preparatory work.. The Senate and the House have several dozen standing and special committees to deal with problems of different natures. The seats of the committees are divided between the two parties in proportion to their respective membership in the Congress. But the committee chairman is always a member of the majority party who has been in the Senate or the House without interruption for longer than anybody else on the committee. The custom is known as “seniority rule” . Most proposed laws in the Congress are known as bills. All bills introduced during a two-year congressional term are designated “HR” in the House and “S” in the Senate, with consecutive (连续的) numbers assigned in order in which they are introduced in each house. After this, the bills are referred to the relevant committees for further study.
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);/I） To assess the bill at its true worth, the relevant committee usually organizes its sub-committee to conduct detailed study. There is no doubt that the sub-committee will study the literal sense of the bill. But it also holds meetings with the citizens who want to state their opinions about the bill. These meetings are commonly known as hearings. The purpose of the sub-committee in holding these hearings is to obtain information on the bill before it. The sub-committee may summon people to appear at the hearings and to testify. After finishing study of the bill, the sub-committee will report the result to the full committee. The committee chairman then has a choice between two things. He can send the bill to the house for further consideration. He can also postpone, or kill it by putting it aside and not reporting it. For this reason, a committee chairman is regarded as an important person in the Congress. It won’t do to neglect them.
1.[选词填空]The bills are introduced to the House and the Senate before they are studied by the relevant committees.
2.[选词填空]A new Representative can hardly feel easy about his position in that he has to prepare for re-election at the start of his new job.
3.[选词填空]Since 1910, the House has had a permanent membership of four hundred and thirty-five.
4.[选词填空]Nominations proposed by the President may be disapproved by the Senate.
5.[选词填空]The seats of the committees are distributed between the two parties based on their respective membership in the Congress.
6.[选词填空]California can send more than 40 Representatives to the House because it has a large population.
7.[选词填空]If the President wants to take significant action in foreign relations, it is necessary to gain the Senate’s cooperation and support.
8.[选词填空]According to the principle of state equality, each state is represented by two Senators in the Senate.
9.[选词填空]The American two-house legislature reflects the American principle of balances and checks.
10.[选词填空]The Vice President plays the role of a kind chairman and the presiding officer when the Senate has a meeting.
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