Students of economics are in revolt ( 造反 ) again.This year,65 groups of students from 30 countries established an International Student Initiative for Pluralism ( 多元化) in Economics. In not her subject do students express such organized dissatisfaction with their teaching. It seems, however, to little lasting effect. Temporality is inherent in student life: they don suits, collect their first salary and leave their complaints behind until the same complaints are rediscovered by a new group of19-year-olds with similar naive hopes of changing the world. Still, recurrent dissatisfaction among both students and employers suggests they have a point.
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/    One cause of the problem is not specific to economics. Modem universities prize research above teaching, to a degree that would astonish people outside the system, who imagine its primary purpose is to educate the young. In reality, teaching ability plays a bit role in university hiring and promotion decisions. Many academic staff regard teaching as a trouble that gets in the way of their "own" work. If most students were not having such a good time outside the classroom, they would be angrier than they are. They should be.
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/    Students demand for more pluralism in the economics curriculum is well made. Yet much of the" heterodox economics" the Manchester students suggest including is flaky, the creation of people with their own political agenda. Their professors reject the introduction of these alternative schemes.
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/    Yet teachers are mistaken in their conformity, to a single methodological approach—concluded in the claim that hastaken hold in the past four decades that approaches not based on rational choice foundations are unscientific or" not economics". The need is not so much to teach alternative paradigms of economics as to teach thatpragmatism, not paradigm, is the key to economic understanding.
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/    This eclecticism is reflected in the curriculum setting. The subject of economics is not a method of analysis but a set of problems--the problems that drew students to the subject in the first place. The proper scope of economics is any and all ideas that bear usefully on these topics: just as the proper scope of medicine is any and all therapies that help the patient.

下列关于商品期货合约交易单位的说法，正确的有（　）。

    In August, environmentalists in the Philippines vandalized (肆意破坏 ) a field of Golden Rice, an experimental grain whose genes had been modified. Its seeds will be handed out free to farmers. The aim is to improve the health of children in poor countries by reducing vitamin A deficiency, which contributes to hundreds of thousands of premature deaths and cases of blindness each year.
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/    Environmentalists claim that these sorts of actions are justified because genetically modified crops pose health risks.Now the main ground for those claims has crumbled. Last year a paper which was published in a respected journal found that unusual rates of tumours and deaths in rats that had been fed upon a variety of genetic modification(GM) (转基因) corn.Other studies found no such effects. But this one enabled campaigners to make a health-and-safety argument against GM crops--one persuasive enough to influence governments. After the study appeared, Russia suspended imports of the grain in question. Kenya banned all GM crops. And the French prime minister said that if the results were confirmed he would press for a Europe-wide ban on the GM corn.
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/    There is now no serious scientific evidence that GM crops do any harm to the health of human beings. There is plenty of evidence, though, that they benefit the health of the planet. One of the biggest challenges facing mankind is to feed the 9 billion-10 billion people who will be alive and richer in 2050. This will require doubling food production on roughly the same area of land, using less water and fewer chemicals. It will also mean making food crops more resistant to the droughts and floods that seem likely if climate change is as bad as scientists fear.
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/    If the Green revolution had never happened, and yields had stayed at 1960 levels, the world could not produce its current food output even if it ploughed up every last acre of cultivable land.In contrast, GM crops boost yields, protecting wild habitat from the plough.They are more resistant to the vagaries of climate change, and to diseases and pests, reducing the need for agrochemicals. Genetic research holds out the possibility of breakthroughs that could vastly increase the productivity off arming. Vandalizing GM field trials is a bit like the campaign of somereligious leaders to prevent smallpox inoculations: it causes misery, even death, in the name of unscientific belief.

   According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/    Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of "natural leaders". It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/    Research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to" get things done". Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-beings of a social group's members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them.
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/    Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give others and may discipline group members whoinhibit (阻碍) attainment of the group's goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the difference in these two roles suggest,expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from groupmembers; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals,may enjoy a more distant respect.

    One of the world's first video games,Tetris(俄罗斯方块 ), has turned thirty years old, and its brand is anything but old school.
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/But what's kept people swiping and clicking to ensure each row of blocks stays aligned and disappears into the virtual world since its development in 1984 Soviet Russia? A combination of new plat form sand an attracting psychological appeal.
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/    Maya Rogers, the CEO of Blue Planet Software, the sole agent of the Tetris brand, said the protection of the game'score over the last three decades has aided its longevity. As mobile and social become two of the largest sources for gaming these days, Tetris isn't showing any signs of losing its appeal. Currently appearing on over 50 different gaming platforms, from the 1983 Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) to smart phones,Tetris is sold on over 425 million mobile devices. More than 20 billion games of Tetris Battle have been played on Facebook, too. There's some thing psychologically entrancing about the game, that's kept people hooked through the years. "Play a game of Tetris," said Rogers, "and satisfy your craving to create order out of chaos." Plus, there's the added quality of playing Tetris and never feeling wholly fulfilled."There' s no correct move that you can make," said. Neubauer, a loyal player of the game who work as a senior analyst at Saibus Research, an independent research and advisory firm, "The quest for the perfect move never ends."
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/    Tom Stafford, a professor of cognitive development and psychology at Sheffield University in the U.K., says that Tetris has been around so long because it transports garners into a different realm when they play. "It's a world of perpetually generating uncompleted tasks," he said. As he's said in the past, too, "Tetris is the granddaddy of puzzle games like Candy Crush saga--the things that keep us puzzling away for hours, days and weeks.""Tetris is pure game: thereis no benefit to it, nothing to leam, no social or physical consequence,"he added. "It is almost completely pointless, but keeps us coming back for more."