问题 -

According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/ Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of "natural leaders". It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/ Research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to" get things done". Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-beings of a social group's members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them.
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/ Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give others and may discipline group members whoinhibit (阻碍) attainment of the group's goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the difference in these two roles suggest,expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from groupmembers; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals,may enjoy a more distant respect.

1.[单选题]The passage mentions all of the following ways by which people can become leadersEXCEPT_______.

A.recruitment

B.formal election process

C.specific leadership training

D.traditional cultural patterns

2.[单选题]The passage indicates that instrumental leaders generally focus on_______.

A.ensuring harmonious relationships

B.sharing responsibility with group members

C.identifying new leaders

D.achieving a goal

3.[单选题]Which of the following statements about leadership can be inferred from Paragraph 2?

A.A person who is an effective leader of a particular group may not be an effective leader in another group.

B.Few people succeed in sharing a leadership role with another person.

C.A person can best learn how to be an effective leader by studying research on leadership.

D.Most people desire to be leaders but can produce little evidence of their qualifications.

4.[单选题]What does the passage mainly discuss?

A.The problems faced by leaders.

B.How leadership differs in small and large groups.

C.How social groups determine who will lead them.

D.The role of leaders in social groups.

5.[单选题]In mentioning "natural leaders" in Line 7, the author is making the point that_____.

A.few people qualify as "natural leaders"

B.there is no proof that "natural leaders" exist

C."natural leaders" are easily accepted by the members of a group

D."natural leaders" share a similar set of characteristics

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In August, environmentalists in the Philippines vandalized (肆意破坏 ) a field of Golden Rice, an experimental grain whose genes had been modified. Its seeds will be handed out free to farmers. The aim is to improve the health of children in poor countries by reducing vitamin A deficiency, which contributes to hundreds of thousands of premature deaths and cases of blindness each year.
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/ Environmentalists claim that these sorts of actions are justified because genetically modified crops pose health risks.Now the main ground for those claims has crumbled. Last year a paper which was published in a respected journal found that unusual rates of tumours and deaths in rats that had been fed upon a variety of genetic modification(GM) (转基因) corn.Other studies found no such effects. But this one enabled campaigners to make a health-and-safety argument against GM crops--one persuasive enough to influence governments. After the study appeared, Russia suspended imports of the grain in question. Kenya banned all GM crops. And the French prime minister said that if the results were confirmed he would press for a Europe-wide ban on the GM corn.
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/ There is now no serious scientific evidence that GM crops do any harm to the health of human beings. There is plenty of evidence, though, that they benefit the health of the planet. One of the biggest challenges facing mankind is to feed the 9 billion-10 billion people who will be alive and richer in 2050. This will require doubling food production on roughly the same area of land, using less water and fewer chemicals. It will also mean making food crops more resistant to the droughts and floods that seem likely if climate change is as bad as scientists fear.
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D.GM crops could vastly increase the productivity of farming.

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A.to provide food for at least 9 billion people

B.to develop more cultivable land

C.to produce treble food on roughly the same area of land

D.to prevent droughts and floods

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