We can see how the product life cycle works by looking at the introduction of instant coffee. When it was introduced, most people did not like it as well as "regular" coffee, and it took several years to gain general acceptance (introduction stage). At one point, though, instant coffee grew rapidly in popularity, and many brands were introduction (stage of rapid growth). After a while, people became attached to one brand and sales leveled off (stage of maturity). Sales went into a slight decline (衰退) when freeze-dried coffees were introduced ( stage of decline).
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);/　　The importance of the product life cycle to marketers is this: Different stages in the product life cycle call for different strategies. The goal is to extend product life so that sales and profits do not decline. One strategy is called market modification. It means that marketing managers look for new users and marked sections: Did you know, for example, that the backpacks that so many students carry today were originally designed for the military?
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);/　　Market modification also means searching for increased usage among present customers or going for a different market, such as senior citizens. A marketer may reposition the product to appeal to new market sections.
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);/　　Another product extension strategy is called product modification. It involves changing product quality, features, or style to attract new users or more usage from present users. American auto-manufacturers are using quality improvement as one way to recapture world market. Note, also, how auto-manufacturers once changed styles dramatically from year to year to keep demand from falling.

style=text-align: justify;    While still in its early stages, welfare reform has already been judged a great success in many states—at least in getting people off welfare. It’s estimated that more than 2 million people have left the, rolls since 1994.
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);/　　In the past four years, welfare rolls in Athens Country have been cut in half. But 70 percent of the people who left in the past two years took jobs that paid less than $ 6 an hour. The result.. The Athens County poverty rate still remains at more than 30 percent—twice the national average.
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);/　　For advocates(代言人)for the poor, that’s an indication much more needs to be done.
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);/　　"More people are getting jobs, but it’s not making their lives any better," says Kathy Lairn, a policy analyst at the Center on Budget and Priorities in Washington.
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);/　　A center analysis of US Census data nationwide found that between 1995 and 1996—a greater percentage of single, female-headed households were earning money on their own, but that average income for these households actually went down.
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);/　　But for many, the fact that poor people are able to support themselves almost as well without government aid as they did with it is in itself a huge victory.
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);/　　"Welfare was a poison. It was a toxin(毒素)that was poisoning the family," says Robert Rector, a welfare-reform policy analyst. "The reform is changing the moral climate in low-income communities. It’s beginning to rebuild the work ethic(道德观), which is much more important."
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);/　　Mr. Rector and others argued that once "the habit of dependency is cracked", then the country can made other policy changes aimed at improving living standards.

    Is there enough oil beneath the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge(保护区)(ANWR)to help secure America’s energy future? President Bush certainly thinks so. He has argued that tapping ANWR’s oil would help ease California’s electricity crisis and provide a major boost to the country’s energy independence. But no one knows for sure how much crude oil lies buried beneath the frozen earth，with the last government survey，conducted in l998，projecting output anywhere from 3 billion to 16 billion barrels.
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);/　　The oil industry goes with the high end of the range，which could equal as much as 10％ of U. S. consumption for as long as six years. By pumping more than l million barrels a day from the reserve for the next two to three decades，lobbyists claim，the nation could cut back on imports equivalent to all shipments to the U.S. from Saudi Arabia. Sounds good. An oil boom would also mean a multibillion-dollar windfall(意外之财)in tax revenues，royalties(开采权使用费)and leasing fees for Alaska and the Federal Government. Best of all，advocates of drilling say，damage to the environment would be insignificant. “We’ve never had a documented case of an oil rig chasing deer out onto the pack ice，”say Alaska State Representative Scott Ogan.
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);/　　Not so fast，say environmentalists. Sticking to the low end of government estimates the National Resources Defends Council says there may be no more than 3.2 billion barrels of economically recoverable oil in the coastal plain of ANWR，a drop in the bucket that would do virtually nothing to ease America’s energy problems. And consumers would wait up to a decade to gain any benefits，because drilling could begin only after much bargaining over leases, environmental permits and regulatory review. As for ANWR’ s impact on the California power crisis，environmentalists point out that oil is responsible for only 1％of the Golden State’s electricity output—and just 3％of the nation’s.

    It came as something of a surprise when Diana. Princess of Wales, made a trip to Angola in 1997, to support the Red Cross’s campaign for a total ban all anti-personnel landmines. Within hours of arriving in Angola, television screens around the world were filled with images of her comforting victims injured in explosions caused by landmines. "I knew the statistics," she said. "But putting a face to those figures brought the reality home to me; like when I met Sandra, a 13-year-old girl who had lost her leg, and people like her."
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);/　　The Princess concluded with a simple message: "we must stop landmines".
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);/　　And she used every opportunity during her visit to repeat this message.
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);/　　But, back in London, her views were not shared by some members of the British government, which refused to support a ban on these weapons. Angry politicians launched an attack on the Princess in the press. They described her as "very ill-informed" and a "lose cannon"(乱放炮的人).
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);/　　The Princess responded by brushing aside the Criticisms: "This is a distraction(干扰) we do not need. All I’ m trying to do is help."
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);/　　Opposition parties, the media and the public immediately voiced their Support for the Princess. To make matters worse for the government, it soon emerged that Princess’s trip had been approved by the Foreign Office, and that she was in fact very well-informed about both the situation in Angola and the British government’s policy regarding landmines. The result was a severe embarrassment for the government.
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);/　　To try and limit the damage, the Foreign Secretary, Malcolm Rifkidnd claimed that the Princess’s views on landmines were not very different from government policy, and that it was "working towards" a worldwide ban. The Defense Secretary, Michael Portillo, claimed the matter was "a misinterpretation or misunderstanding."
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);/　　For the Princess, the trip to this war-torn country was an excellent opportunity to use her popularity to Show the world how much destruction and suffering landmines can cause. She said that the experience had also given her the chance to get closer to people and their problems.

    Some pessimistic experts feel that the automobile is bound to fall into disuse. They see a day in the not too-distant future when all autos will be abandoned and allowed to rust. Other authorities, however, think the auto is here to say. They hold that the car will remain a leading means of urban travel in the foreseeable future.
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);/　　The motorcar will undoubtedly change significantly over the next 30 years. It should become smaller, safer, and more economical, and should not be powered by the gasoline engine. The car of the future should he far more pollution-free than present types. Regardless of its power source, the auto in the future will still be the main problem in urban traffic congestion (拥挤). One proposed solution to this problem is the automated highway system.
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);/　　When the auto enters the highway system, a retractable (可伸缩的) arm will drop from the auto and make contact with a rail, which is similar to those powering subway trains electrically. Once attached to the rail, the car will become electrically powered from the system, and control of the vehicle will pass to a central computer. The computer will then monitor all of the car’s movements.
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);/　　The driver will use a telephone to dial instructions about his destination into the system. The computer will calculate’ the best route, and reserve space for the car all the way to, the correct exit from the highway. The driver will then he free to relax and wait for the buzzer (蜂鸣器) that will warn him of his coming exit It is estimated that an automated highway will be able to handle 10,000 vehicles per hour, compares with the 1,500 to 2,000 vehicles that can be carried by a present day highway.

可采用直肠测温的患者是

    In recent years, Israeli consumers have grown more demanding as they’ve become wealthier and more worldly-wise. Foreign travel is a national passion; this summer alone, one in 10 citizens will go abroad. Exposed to higher standards of service elsewhere, Israelis are returning home expecting the same. American firms have also begun arriving in large numbers. Chains such as KFC, McDonald’s and Pizza Hut are setting a new a standard of customer service, using strict employee training and constant monitoring to ensure the friendliness of frontline Israel. "Nobody wakes up in the morning and says, ‘Let’s be nicer,’" says Itsik Cohen, director of a consulting firm. "Nothing happens without competition."
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);/　　Privatization, or the threat of it, is a motivation as well. Monopolies (垄断者) that until recently have been free to take their customers for granted now fear what Michael Perry, a marketing professor, calls "the revengeful (报复的) consumer." When the government opened up competition with Bezaq, the phone company, its international branch lost 40 % of its market share, even while offering competitive rates. Says Perry, "People wanted revenge for all the years of bad service." The electric company, whose monopoly may be short-lived, has suddenly mopped requiring users to wait half a day for a repairman. Now, appointments are scheduled to the half-hour. The graceless El AI Airlines, which is already at auction (拍卖), has retrained its employees to emphasize service and is boasting about the results in an ad campaign with the slogan, "You can feel the change in the air." For the first time, praise outnumbers complaints on customer survey sheets.

style=text-align: justify;   It’s no secret that many children would be healthier and happier with adoptive parents than with the parents that nature dealt them. That’s especially true of children, who remain in abusive homes because the law blindly favors biological parents. It’s also true of children who suffer for years in foster homes(收养孩子的家庭) ,because of parents who can’t or won’t care for them but refuse to give up custody(监护) s.
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);/　　Fourteen-year-old Kimberly Mays fits neither description, but her recent court victory could eventually help children who do. Kimberly has been the object of an angry custody battle between the man who raised her and her biological parents, with whom she has never lived. A Florida judge ruled that the teenager can remain with the only father she’s ever known and that her biological parents have "no legal claim" on her.
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);/　　The ruling, though it may yet be reversed, sets aside the principle that biology is the primary determinant of parentage. That’s an important development, one that’s long overdue.
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);/　　Shortly after birth in December 1978, Kimberly Mays, and another infant were mistakenly switched and sent home with the wrong parents. Kimberly’s biological parents, Ernest and Regina Twigg, received a child who died of a heart disease in 1988. Medical tests showed that the child wasn’t the Twiggs’ own daughter, but Kimt only was, thus sparking a custody battle with Robert Mays. In1989, the two families agreed that Mr. Mays would maintain custody with the Twiggs getting visiting s. Those fights were ended when Mr. Mays decided that Kimberly was being harmed.
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);/　　The decision to leave Kimberty with Mr. Mays rendered her suit debated: But the judge made clear that Kimberty did have standing to sue (起诉) on her own behalf, Thus he made clear that she was more than just property to be handled as adults saw fit.
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);/　　Certainly, the biological link between parent and child is fundamental. But biological parents aren’t always preferable to adoptive ones, and biological parent age does not convey an absolute ownership that cancels all the s of children.

    New technology links the world as never before. Our planet has shrunk. It’s now a "global village" where countries are only seconds away by fax or phone or satellite link. And, of course, our ability to benefit from this high-tech communications equipment is greatly enhanced by foreign language skills.
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);/　　Deeply involved with this new technology is a breed of modern businesspeople who have a growing respect, for the economic value of doing business abroad. In modern markets, success oversea often helps support domestic business efforts. Overseas assignments are becoming increasingly important to advancement within executive ranks. The executive stationed in another country no longer need fear being "out of sight and out of mind". He or she can be sure that the overseas effort is central to the company’s plan for success, and that promotions often follow or accompany an assignment abroad. If an employee can succeed in a difficult assignment overseas, superiors will have greater confidence in his or her ability to cope back in the United States where cross cultural considerations and foreign language issues are becoming more and more prevalent (普遍的).
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);/　　Thanks to a variety of relatively inexpensive communications device with business applications, even small businesses in the United State are able to get into international markets.
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);/　　English is still the international language of business. But there is an ever-growing need for people who can speak another language. A second language isn’t generally required to get a job in business, but having language skills gives a candidate the edge when other qualifications appear to be equal.
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);/　　The employee posted abroad who speaks the country’s principal language has an opportunity to fast forward certain negotiations, and can have the cultural insight to know when it is better to move more slowly. The employee at the home office who can communicate well with foreign clients over the telephone or by fax machine is an obvious asset to the firm.

    If you know exactly what you want, the best route to a job is to get specialized training, A recent survey shows that companies like graduates in such fields as business and health care who can go to work immediately with very little on-the-job training.
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);/　　That’s especially true of booing fields that are challenging for workers. At Cornell’ s School of Hotel Administration, for example, bachelor’ s degree graduates get an average of four or five job offers with salaries ranging from the high teens to the low20s and plenty of chances for rapid advancement. Large companies, especially, like a background of formal education coupled with work experience.
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);/　　But in the long run, too much specialization doesn’t pay off. Business, which has been flooded with MBAs, no longer considers the degree an automatic stamp of approval. The MBA may open doors and command a higher salary initially, but the impact of a degree washes out after five years.
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);/　　As further evidence of the erosion (销蚀) of corporate (公司的) faith in specialized degrees, Michigan State’ s Scheetz cites a pattern in corporate hiring practices. Although companies tend to take on specialists as new hires, they often seek out generalists for middle and-upper-level management. "They want someone who isn’t constrained (限制) by nuts and bolts to look at the big picture," says Scheetz.
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);/　　This sounds suspiciously like a formal statement that you approve of the liberal-arts graduate. Time and again labor-market analysts mention a need for talents that liberal-arts majors are assumed to have: writing and communication skills, organizational skills, open-mindedness and adoptability, and the ability to analyze and solve problems. David Birch claims he does not hire anybody with an MBA or an engineering degree, "I hire only liberal-arts people because they have a less-than-canned way of doing things," says Birch. Liberal-arts means an academically thorough and strict program that includes literature, history, mathematics, economics, science, human behavior—plus a computer course or two. With that under your belt, you can feel free to specialize, "A liberal-arts degree coupled with an MBA or some other technical training is a very good combination in the market-place," says Scheetz.

     We can see how the product life cycle works by looking at the introduction of instant coffee. When it was introduced, most people did not like it as well as "regular" coffee, and it took several years to gain general acceptance (introduction stage). At one point, though, instant coffee grew rapidly in popularity, and many brands were introduction (stage of rapid growth). After a while, people became attached to one brand and sales leveled off (stage of maturity). Sales went into a slight decline (衰退) when freeze-dried coffees were introduced ( stage of decline).
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);/　　The importance of the product life cycle to marketers is this: Different stages in the product life cycle call for different strategies. The goal is to extend product life so that sales and profits do not decline. One strategy is called market modification. It means that marketing managers look for new users and marked sections: Did you know, for example, that the backpacks that so many students carry today were originally designed for the military?
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);/　　Market modification also means searching for increased usage among present customers or going for a different market, such as senior citizens. A marketer may reposition the product to appeal to new market sections.
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);/　　Another product extension strategy is called product modification. It involves changing product quality, features, or style to attract new users or more usage from present users. American auto-manufacturers are using quality improvement as one way to recapture world market. Note, also, how auto-manufacturers once changed styles dramatically from year to year to keep demand from falling.