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GRE 雅思商务英语成人英语三级专四专八大学英语三级大学英语六级大学英语四级

经纬仪整平的目的是（）处于铅垂位置。答案解析
Gestures aren't the only area in which the unwary traveler can get tripped up. Foreign cultures adhere to different business customs and behavior. For example, Caffeine junkies should restrain themselves in the Middle East. "Three cups of tea or coffee is usually the polite limit in offices and during social calls," counsels "Travel Pak," a free publication of Alia, the Royal Jordanian Airline. "Butif your host keeps going, you also may continue sipping. If you're had your fill, give your empty cup a quick twist a sort of wiggle--as you hand it back.That means "No more, thank you." Middle East visitors also should not be surprised "if others barge right into the office in the middle of your conversation with the person you are seeing," notes "Travel Pak." An old Arab custom calls for keeping an "open office." The British, however,consider it impolite to interrupt a visitor, even after all business has been transacted. The commercial caller is expected to be sensitive to this point,know when to stop, and initiate his or her own departure. In Japan certain guests at evening business gatherings will leave early. They should be allowed to leave without effusive goodbyes. The Japanese consider formal departures to be disruptive in such cases and disturbing to remaining guests. In Scandinavia and Finland business guests may be asked to shed their clothes and join their hosts in a sauna. The invitation is a sign that a good working relationship has been established. In the Arab world, the word"no" must be mentioned three times before it is accepted. In contrast, it is considered good business manners to make many and long efforts to pick up the check. In the People' s Republic of China, gift giving is considered an insult, says Patrick J. Lewis, President of Club Universe, a Los Angeles tour operator. "If you want to give someone a gift, make sure it's modest in value. This will not be considered offensive. but it may be declined," The Chinese manner of expressing friendship and welcome is to clap. Lewis adds. "You may be greeted with clapping when entering a factory,hospital, commune, or school. Politeness dictates that you respond with applause, even though it may seem like you're clapping for yourself." 答案解析
Teaching children to read well from the start is the most important task of elementary schools. But relying on educators to approach this task correctly can be a great mistake. Many schools continue to employ instructional methods that have been proven ineffective. The staying power of the "look-say" or "whole-word" method of teaching beginning reading is perhaps the most flagrant example of this failure to instruct effectively. The whole-word approach to reading stresses the meaning of words over the meaning of letters, thinking over decoding,developing a sight vocabulary of familiar words over developing the ability to unlock the pronunciation of unfamiliar words. It fits in with the self-directed, "learning how to learn" activities recommended by advocates ( 倡导者) of "open" classrooms and with the concept that children have to be developmentally ready to begin reading. Before 1963, no major publisher put out anything but these "Run-Spot-Run" readers. However, in 1955, Rudolf Flesch touched off what has been called "the great debate" in beginning reading. In his best-seller Why Johnny Can't Read, Flesch indicted (控诉) the nation's public schools for miseducating students by using the look-say method.He said--and more scholarly studies by Jeane Chall and Rovert Dykstra later confirmed--that another approach to beginning reading, founded on phonics (语音学), is far superior. Systematic phonics first teaches children to associate letters and letter combinations with sounds; it then teaches them how to blend these sounds together to make words. Rather than building up arelatively limited vocabulary of memorized words, it imparts a code by which the pronunciations of the vast majority of the most common words in the English language can be learned. Phonics does not devalue the importance of thinking about the meaning of words and sentences; it simply recognizes that decoding is the logical and necessary first step. 答案解析
For reasons that are deeply rooted in culture and tradition, men significantly outnumber women inmathematics-based careers. As students progress through the mathematics courses, girls and boys show littledifference in ability, effort, or interest in mathematics until adolescent years when course and career choices begininfluencing school effort. Then, as social pressure increases and career goals are formed, girls' decisions to reduceeffort in the study of mathematics progressively cut them off from many professional careers in the future. Many girls drop mathematics in high school or in the transition to college. Others drop out later. Womenperform virtually as well as men in college mathematics courses, but beyond the bachelor's degree women drop outof mathematics at twice the rate of men. Women now enter college nearly as well prepared in mathematics as men,and 46 percent of mathematics baccalaureates (学士学位）go to women. Despite this record, only 35 percent ofthe master's degrees and 17 percent of the Ph. D degrees in the mathematical sciences are earned by women. Overall, women receive approximately one third of university degrees in science and engineering. The highestpercentages of women are found in those sciences with the least mathematical prerequisite: psychology, biology,and sociology. The lowest percentages of women enter fields requiring the most mathematics, namely, physics,engineering, economics, geo-science, and chemistry. Evidence from many sources suggest that it is differences incourse patterns rather than lack of ability that matter most in limiting women's access to careers in mathematicallyintensive sciences.Widely reported studies concerning the high percentage of boys among mathematical prodigies ( 天才. —those who at age 12 perform at the level of average college students—often convey the impression that genderdifferences in mathematics are biologically determined. But evidence from the vast majority of students showsalmost no difference in performance among male and female students who have taken equal advantage of similaropportunities to study mathematics. Inferences ( 推论）from very exceptional students—child prodigies—meanlittle about the performance of the general population. 答案解析
某指标呈正态分布，均值等于20，变异系数等于10%，则其95%参考值范围是( ) 答案解析
Health experts have called adolescents to avoid salty diets, warning that such diets were capable of causing hypertension (高血压), as they grow older. The experts, who spoke in Lagos during cardiovascular (心血管的) grass root programme organised by Chike Okoli Foundation in collaboration with Lagos State Ministry of Education for over 1,000 senior secondary students (SSS) of Dairy Farm Senior Secondary School, Lagos, also urged adolescents to be mindful of their lifestyles as whatever they do today have future implications on their heart. The grass root programme is an annual event aimed to educate, create awareness and screen students in secondary school of heart related diseases in memory of Chike Okoli, who died at the age of 25 of cardiovascular disease. This year, the programme is targeting over 10,000 students in Lagos public schools. Public health physician and resident doctor at the university of Lagos Teaching Hospital (LUTH), Dr Idiakhoa Iyare, who was one of the guest lecturers for the programme, said the importance of the cardiovascular grass root programme could not be over emphasised as exposing young ones to implications of their lifestyles would save them from deaths and sufferings that could result from future cardiovascular diseases. "If we call hypertension a silent killer, it means that it is going to be silent for along time," Iyare said. " But if we could make the children get aware earlier and start focusing on healthy ways of living while they are much younger, it would be easier for them to modify their habits while they are young." Programme Coordinator of Chike OkoliFoundation, Mrs. Beaty Alfred, said that the programme was important to raise the health status of students in Lagos schools because "we believe that they are ignorant of the implications of some of their lifestyles," adding that "we want to catch them young."The students were taken through series of lectures on the causes, implications and how to avoid hypertension by various experts from LUTH. Blood pressures of the students were also measured. Iyare added that hypertension is different from high blood pressure, which could arise from increased activities. The public health physician said:"Hypertension is a persistently elevated blood pressure. That means that the blood pressure is greater than 140-millimetre mercury systolic blood pressure and greater than 90-millimetre mercury diastolic blood pressure." 答案解析
How to Visualize Your SuccessA）Have you ever heard of visualization (可视化)? Of course you have. Everybody’s heard of visualization and everybody partakes in it whether they realize it or not. How it works though is an altogether different matter. I want to take a closer look today at the mechanics of why visualizing works without necessarily delving into concepts and theories that cannot be proven.B）The brain has great difficulty in distinguishing between what’s true and what’s imagined. There is an oft-cited (经常被引用的) example of an experiment conducted by Australian Psychologist, Alan Richardson. He took some basketball players and split them into 3 equal groups. One group was told to practice their free throw technique twenty minutes per day. The next group was told to spend twenty minutes per day visualizing, but not attempting free throws, and the final group wasn’t allowed to either practice or visualize. At the end of the test period the group that had done nothing remained as they were, but both the other groups showed similar degrees of improvement. The people who only visualized playing basketball were able to perform almost as well as the ones who had actually practiced. “How can that be so?” Firstly, the people practicing would miss some shots. Each time they missed they had in effect, practiced how to miss. The people that were visualizing would be hitting every basket so they were building up the feelings and memory of how to be successful.Forging a Path through a MeadowC）Imagine walking home from a new job. You suddenly realize that there is a meadow of long grass that will cut 20 minutes off your walk. If you live in New York you’re going to need a great imagination for this one. The first few times you can barely see which way you had walked the previous ay. However, after 10 or 20 times you can clearly see a pathway starting to form, and after 100 times all the grass is worn away and there’s a farmer with a shotgun and large dog waiting for you at the end. Let’s presume our gun-toting friend is a big softie and he allows you to use that route as long as you want. What are the odds that next time you try a slightly different direction? Slim to none would be my guess. After all, you know this way works and you have a lovely easy path.D）On the other hand, if Farmer Giles starts taking pot shots at you and sportingly lets the dog try and shoot you too, before releasing it to sink its gnashers into your rear end, then you’ll probably find a new way home once you’re released from hospital. The next time you’re walking home you opt against reacquainting yourself with Fido and spot another meadow further along the road. The same process then begins to take place only this time the original path you made has started to grow back.How We Create a Path in Our MindE）That is what happens when we form thoughts in our mind. The first time we have a new thought it is a weakling(虚弱者) of a thought that has sand kicked in its face by stronger thoughts and beliefs. Each time you re-think it though it grows in strength as the physical pathway becomes more and more well-defined. Not only that, but if it is a belief that contradicts one you already hold, the older belief starts to atrophy and die.F）This also explains why we have the same thoughts over and over again and why people have difficulty snapping negative loops (循环) of thinking. The pathway has been established and it’s just easier to continue following it than trying to think about something new and form a new connection in the brain.Making Visualization Work for YouG）Visualization is an incredibly successful and simple way of speeding up the process by fooling the unconscious into believing that you have already done something before you have. That’s what the basketball visualizers were doing, fooling their own unconscious into thinking they know how to hit basket after basket. Of course this in and of itself will not turn you into an NBA star, you do actually have to practice as well, but it will help you succeed more quickly.H）All you need to do to be successful at this is to visualize yourself doing something, as you would like to do it. Profound stuff, huh? Seriously though, that is all there is to it. How long you do it each day will affect the speed of change and it’s really not advisable visualizing your success for 20 minutes per day and then spending 10 hours worrying about failing and replaying negative stuff in your head. It kind of defeats the object. You can also incorporate the “fake it till you make it” method in with your visualization to help speed up the process. This is simply a matter of pretending you are already proficient at something before you really are. Again, it’s simply a way of tricking your unconscious and getting it to do what you want it to do.I）Some people have difficulty with this process and tell me it’s being unrealistic. Well yeh, maybe they’re right, but who cares? If you want to be shackled by the chains of realism then go ahead, knock yourself out, but let me tell you this. There are few highly successful people out there that haven’t used this method or visualization at one time or another. In fact, successful people don’t care too much for reality; it just gets in the way and slows them down. What about you? 答案解析
Secrets of Grade-A ParentsHelping your child get ahead at school starts at homeA）When Carey Graham started Grade One, he got a very special teacher. “She recognized my passion for learning.” says the now 20-year-old. “Every morning we’d sit down with workbooks and do writing and math exercises. And any time during the day, she could always be counted on to read to me. She always encouraged me to learn all I could about everything.” This extraordinary teacher was his mom, Jeanne Lambert, who homeschooled Graham until high school. He’s now in his second year in the University of Toronto’s Peace and Conflict Studies program, having received a provincial “Aiming for the Top” scholarship. Graham is considering a law degree or a master’s in political science down the road. He attributes his academic success to the foundation laid by his parents.B）“You can’t be a parent without being a teacher, ” says Bruce Arai, a professor in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at Wilfrid Laurier University in Waterloo, Ontario. “Perhaps the most important teaching in a child’s life is done by his parents, not by some professional with certificates, ” he says. Homeschooling isn’t about sitting your kids down in the kitchen and teaching them in the formal sense, says Aral, but about “making sare the resources and opportunities for learning are available to them. ” And that, any parent can do. Here, then, are some methods that parents who would never consider homeschooling can pick up from those who do.Lesson 1 Think Outside the ClassroomC）When homeschooler Kerri Paqueue, a mother of six, was building a house in Lansdowne, she saw it as a learning opportunity. “They learned math as we measured. about soil as we dug the foundation, about water while we did the plumbing, and about electricity when we did the electrical work. My children make the subjects come alive as much I do. ” says Paquette. Her kids, aged three to13, continue to view the world as their classroom. They study food and plant growth through their organic garden. They learn about cows by talking to the neighboring farmers. And they learn math, measuring and science while helping Paquette cook. “The other day my nine-year-old, Maddison, started learning a new educational computer program. ne section on fractions was all new, but she knew it from when we bake. ” Every activity, says Paquette, can include a lesson.Lesson 2 Eliminate Learning LimitsD）A teacher with a class of 25 students can’t continue a unit on, say, the body just because one child is still keen—but you can. “We don’t have a time flame that restricts our investigations, and we don’t have a dally schedule, ” says Linda Clement, who homeschools her two daughters in Victoria. When her l4-year-old showed an interest in the human body, the curious student read dozens of relevant books and surfed web sites. Janet’s curiosity took her in all sorts of directions：a dictionary of poisons and antidotes, an encyclopedia of medicine, books about human personality and much more. The benefit to your child goes beyond a thorough knowledge of a subject. Studying deeply a topic builds independent research skills and a love of learning. “If my children are interested in a subject, ” says Clement, “we can go as far into the subject, answering as many questions as they have. for as long as is necessary. This freedom encourages their investigations. ”Lesson 3 Teach Your Kids Their WayE）Some children are visual learners(they absorb best when they see something), some are auditory(they need to hear it), some are kinesthetic(they need hands-on experience)and some are a combination. Uncovering how your child learns best will increase your effectiveness in helping him or her with schoolwork. Unsure of your child’s learning style? Ask his teacher.F）The way Melissa Cowl’s six children, aged three to 15, pick up on math highlights the great differences in learning styles. “Our ten-year-old, Matthew, needs everything in black and whim：Tell him what to do and how to do it, and it’s done, ” says the mother. “He had a math text that was too colorful, with a layout that was difficult to follow. I switched to a text that was more step-by-step, more concrete. Now he does math tests with no trouble. ”“Our eight-year-old, Ryan, however, is very hands-on. For math, he uses a variety of colorful pens to figure out things like addition and fractions. He needs to see it and feel it. Not one of my kids learns the same way as the others. ”Lesson 4 Let Them See You LearnG）One of the best parts of homeschooling is that you can continue your own education—and your kids can see you doing it and pick up on your love of learning the same principle can be applied by any parent. “Learning never ends,” says Julia Goforth, a homeschooling mother of four. “We try new things all the time, whether I’m reading something new or we’re all tasting foods we’d never normally eat.” Reversing the roles also has benefits, giving kids a sense of pride in their own newfound knowledge. “Today my l2-year-old daughter, Denise, explained to me how she figured out a math problem. She’d wound up with the right answer, but I didn’t understand how she managed it,” says homeschooler Gina Rozon of La Ronge. Sask. “Our kids are teaching us all the time.”H）Learning doesn’t always go smoothly, for kids and adults alike, which is why it’s important for children to see their parents struggle with something new. “My children watched me turn my life around by trying new things.” says Goforth. “I went from being a fearful, stay-at-home mom to an adventurous artist’s model and public speaker. Learning to belly dance and play the violin is on my to-do list this year. ”Lesson 5 “Own” Your Children’s EducationI）“Helping them isn’t about showing your kids how to do the work. It’s about being genuinely interested and having regular conversations about what they’re learning,” says J. Gary Knowles, a professor at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education. Rozon has many suggestions for how to get more involved. “Get to know the teacher. Discuss ways to design the assignments to your child’s learning style. Spend time in the classroom. Ask for outlines of unit studies so you can find additional materials at the library or through videos. Read your child’s textbooks：If you work a few pages ahead, you’11 be able to help them with problems they encounter. ”Reading is another must, says Rozon. “Even after your children can read themselves, hearing somebody else read aloud is important. We nearly always bring a book wherever we go；we read for at least a half hour before bedtime. ”The more engaged a parent is, the more the child benefits, adds Bruce Arai. “The evidence is clear： Parental involvement is one of the most important factors in school success. The hours children spend in class are but one element of their education” 答案解析
One source of a poor self-concept is an inaccurate self-perception. Such unrealistic pictures sometimes come from being overly hard on yourself, believing that you're worse than the facts1. By learning to take a2view of yourself, it will be possible to see whether you have been selling yourself short.　　An unrealistically poor self-concept can arise from the inaccurate　3of others. Perhaps you are in an environment where you receive an　4number of depressing messages, many of which are undeserved, and a　5of delightful messages. We've known many housewives, for example, who have returned to college after many years spent in homemaking, where they receive　6no recognition for their intellectual strengths. It's　7that these women have the courage to come to college at all, so low are their self-concepts; but come they do, and most are excited to find that they are much brighter and more competent intellectually than they　8. In the same way, workers with overly critical　9,children with cruel "friends," and students with unsupportive teachers all tend to have low self-concepts owing to excessively negative feedback. If you fall into this category, it's important to put the unrealistic evaluations you receive to attention and then to seek out more10people who will acknowledge your value as well as point out your shortcomings.A. virtuallyB. civilianC. supervisorD. boostE. indicateF. minimumG. efficientlyH. supportiveI. feedbackJ. likelyK. excessiveL. realisticM. displayN. amazingO. suspected 答案解析
Britain is not just one country and one people; even if some of its inhabitants think so. Britain is, in fact, a nation which can be divided into several 　(1)　 parts, each part being an individual country with its own language, character and cultural 　(2) . Thus Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales do not claim to (3) to "England" because their inhabitants are not (4) "English". They are Scottish, Irish or Welsh and many of them prefer to speak their own native tongue, which in turn is (5) to the others.　　These cultural minorities (少数名族) have been Britain's original inhabitants. In varying degrees they have managed to (6) their national characteristics, and their particular customs and way of life. This is probably even more true of the (7) areas where traditional life has not been so affected by the (8) of industrialism as the border areas have been. The Celtic races are said to be more emotional by nature than the English. An Irish temper is legendary. The Scots would rather (9) about their reputation for excessive thrift and prefer to be remembered for their folk songs and dances, while the Welsh are famous for their singing. The Celtic (10) as a whole produces humorous writers and artists, such as the Irish Bernard Shaw, the Scottish Robert Bums, and the WelshDylan Thomas, to mention but a few.　　A. incomprehensible　　B. temper　　C. remote　　D. separate　　E. understandable　　F. forget　　G. generally　　H. temperament　　I. preserve　　J. strictly　　K. traditions　　L. reserve　　M. growth　　N. apply　　O. belong 答案解析
The Recorded World As cameras become ubiquitous(普遍存在的.and able to identify people，more safeguards on privacy willbe needed．A. “This season there is something at the seaside worse than sharks，”declared a newspaper in 1890.“It is the amateur photographer．”The invention of the handheld camera shocked the 19th—century society，as did the“Kodak fiends”(柯达狂人.who patrolled beaches snapping sunbathers．B. More than a century later，amateur photography is once more a troubling issue．Citizens of rich countries have got used to being watched by closed．circuit cameras that guard roads and cities．But as cameras shrink and thecost of storing data falls sharply，it is individuals who are taking the pictures．C. Some 10，000 people are already testing a prototype of Google Glass，a miniature computer worn like eveglasses．It aims to have all the functions of a smartphone in a device put on a person’s nose.Its flexibleframe holds both a camera and a tiny screen，and makes it easy for users to take photos，send messages andsearch for things online．D. Glass may fail，but a wider revolution is under way．In Russia，where insurance fraud is commonly seen，atleast l million cars already have cameras on their dashboards(仪表盘.that film the road ahead．Police forcesin America are starting to issue officers with video cameras，pinned to their uniforms，which record theirinteractions with the public．Collar—cams help anxious cat—lovers watch their wandering pets carefully. Paparazzi(狗仔队.have started to use drones to photograph celebrities in their gardens or on yachts.Hobbyists are even devising clever ways to get cameras into space．E. Ubiquitous recording can already do a lot of good．Some patients with brain injuries have been given cameras：looking back at images can help them recover their memories．Dash—cams can help resolve insurance claims and encourage people to drive better．Police—cams can discourage criminals from making groundlesscomplaints against police officers and officers from abusing criminals．A British soldier has just been convicted of murdering a wounded Afghan because the act was captured by a colleague’s helmet—camera. Videos showing the line of sight of experienced surgeons and engineers can help train their successors and beused in liability disputes．Lenses linked to computers are reading street—sign sand product labels to partiallysighted people．F. Optimists see broader benefits ahead．Plenty of people carry activity trackers，worn on the wrist or placed in apocket，to monitor their exercise or sleep patterns；cameras could do the job more effectively，perhaps alsospying on their wearers’diets．“Personal black boxes’’might be able to transmit pictures if their owner fallsvictim to an accident or crime．Tiny cameras trained to recognise faces could become personal digital assistants，making conversations as searchable as documents and e—mails．Already a small band of“life. logger(生活记录器）stored years off ootage(镜头.into databases of“e—memories”．G. Not everybody will be thrilled by these prospects．A perfect digital memory would probably be a pain, preserving unhappy events as well as cherished ones．Suspicious spouses and employers might feel entitled toreview it．H.The bigger worry is for those in front of the cameras，not behind them．School bullies already use illegal snapsfrom mobile phones to embarrass their victims．The web is full of secret photos of women，snapped in publicplaces．Wearable cameras will make such immoral photography easier．And the huge，looming issue is the growing sophistication of face-recognition technologies，which are starting to enable businesses andgovernments to get information about individuals by searching the billions of images online．The combinationof cameras everywhere---in bars，on streets，in offices,on people’s heads--with the algorithms(算法.run bysocial networks and other service providers that process stored and published images is a powerful and alarming one．We may not be far from a world in which your movements could be tracked all the time．where a stranger walking down the street can immediately identify exactly who you are．I. Well,we still strongly held beliefs that technological progress should generally be welcomed．not fearedruns up against an even deeper impulse，in favour of liberty．Freedom has to include some fight to privacy：ifevery move you make is being recorded，liberty is limited．J. One option is to ban devices that seem annoying．The use of dashboard cameras is forbidden in Austria. Drivers who film the road can face a€10，000($13，400.fine．But banning devices deprives people of their benefits．Society would do better to develop rules about where and how these technologies can be used,just as it learned to cope with the Kodak fiends．K.For the moment，companies are behaving in a cautious way．Google has banned the use of face—recognition in apps on Glass and its camera is designed to film only in short bursts．Japanese digital camera．makers ensure their products emit a shutter sound every time a picture is taken．Existing laws to control stalking of harassment can be extended to deal with peeping drones．L. Still，as cameras become smaller，more powerful and ubiquitous，new laws may be needed to Dreserve liberty.Governments should be granted the right to use face—recognition technology only where there is a clear publicgood(identifying a bank robber for instance.．When the would．be identifiers are companies or strangers in the street，the starting—point should be that you have the right not to have your identity automatically revealed．The principle is the same as for personal data．Just as Facebook and Google should be forced to establish highdefault settings(默认系统设置.for privacy(which can be reduced at the user's request.，the new camerasand recognition technologies should be regulated so as to let you decide whether you remain anonymous(匿名的.ornot．M. Silicon Valley emphasises the liberating power of technology--and it is often fight．But the freedom that asmall device gives one person can sometimes take away liberty from another．Liberal politicians have beenlazy about defending the idea of personal space，especially online．The fight should start now．Otherwise，inthe blink of an eye，privacy could be gone．答案解析
Green GrowthA.The enrichment of previously poor countries is the most inspiring developmentof our time. It is also worrying.The environment is already under strain. What will happen when the global population rises from 7 billiontoday to 9.3 billion in 2050, as demographers(人口统计学家.expect, and a growing proportion of these peoplecan afford goods that were once reserved for the elite? Can the planet support so much economic activity?B.Many policymakers adopt a top-down and Westem-centric approach to such planetary problems. They discussambitious regulations in global forums, or look to giant multinationals and well-heeled (富有的.NGOs to setan example. But since most people live in the emerging world, it makes sense to look at what successfulcompanies there are doing to make growth more sustainable.C.A new study by the World Economic Forum (WEF.and the Boston Consulting Group (BCG)identifies 16 emerging-market firms that they say are turning eco-consciousness into a source of competitive advantage.These highly profitable companies (which the study calls "the new sustainability champions".are usinggreenery to reduce costs, motivate workers and forge relationships. Their home-grown ideas will probably beeasier for their peers to copy than anything cooked up in the West.D.The most outstanding quality of these companies is that they turn limitations (of resources, laborand infrastructure.into opportunities. Thus, India's Shree Cement, which has long suffered from watershortages, developed the world's most water-efficient method for making cement, in part by using air-coolingrather than water-cooling. Manila Water, a utility in the Philippines, reduced the amount of water it was losing,through wastage and illegal tapping, from 63% in 1997 to 12% in 2010 by making water affordable for the poor.Broad Group, a Chinese maker of air conditioners, taps the waste heat from buildings to power its machines. Zhangzidao Fishery Group, a Chinese aquaculture (水产养殖.company, recycles uneaten fish feed to fertilizecrops.E.Setting green goals is a common practice. Sekem, an Egyptian food producer, set itself the task of reclaiming(开垦.desert land through organic farming. Florida Ice & Farm, a Costa Rican food and drink company, hasadopted strict standards for the amount of water it can consume in producing drinks.F. These firms measure themselves by their greenery, too. Florida Ice & Farm, for example, links 60% of itsboss's pay to the triple bottom line of "people, planet and profit". The sustainability champions also encouragetheir workers to come up with green ideas. Natura, a Brazilian cosmetics company, gives bonuses to staff whofind ways to reduce the firm's impact on the environment. Masisa, a Chilean forestry company, invitesemployees to "imagine unimaginable businesses" aimed at poorer consumers. Woolworths, a South Africanretailer, claims that many of its best green ideas have come from staff, not bosses.G.In emerging markets it is hard for companies to stick to one specialism, because they have to worry about somany wider problems, from humble infrastructure to unreliable supply chains. So the sustainability championsseek to shape the business environment in which they operate. They lobby (游说.regulators: Grupo Balbo, aBrazilian organic-sugar producer, is working with the Brazilian government to establish a certification systemfor organic products. They form partnerships with governments and NGOs. Kenya's Equity Bank has formedan alliance with groups such as The International Fund for Agricultural Development to reduce its risks whenlending to smallholders. Natura has worked with its suppliers to produce sustainable packaging, including anew "green" plastic derived from sugar cane.H.The firms also work hard to reach and educate poor consumers, often sacrificing short-term profits to createfuture markets. Masisa organizes local carpenters into networks and connects them to low-income furniturebuyers. Broad Group has developed a miniature device for measuring air pollution that can fit into mobilephones. Jain Irrigation, an Indian maker of irrigation systems, uses dance and song to explain the benefits of drip irrigation to farmers who can't read. Suntech, a Chinese solar-power company, has established a low-carbon museum to celebrate ways of reducing carbon-dioxide emissions.Rich because green, or green because rich?I. One could quibble (争辩.with BCG's analysis. Phil Rosenzweig of Switzerland's LMD business school hasargued that management writers are prone to "the halo effect": they treat the temporary success of a companyas proof that it has discovered some eternal principle of good management. The fact that some successfulcompanies have embraced greenery does not prove that greenery makes a firm successful. Some fin-ms, havingprospered, find they can afford to splurge(挥霍.on greenery. Some successful firms pursue greenery forpublic-relations purposes. And for every sustainable emerging champion, there are surely 100 firms that haveprospered by belching(喷出.fumes into the air or pumping toxins into rivers.J. Nonetheless, the central message of the WEF-BCG study--that some of the best emerging-world companiesare combining profits with greenery--is thought-provoking. Many critics of environmentalism argue that it isa rich-world luxury: that the poor need adequate food before they need super-clean air. Some even seegreenery as a rich-world conspiracy(阴谋): the West grew rich by industrializing(and polluting), but nowwants to stop the rest of the world from following suit. The WEF-BCG report demonstrates that such fears areoverblown. Emerging-world companies can be just as green as their Western rivals. Many have found that,when natural resources are scarce and consumers are cash-strapped ( 资金短缺的), greenery can be alucrative(利润丰厚的.business strategy. 答案解析
Green GrowthA.The enrichment of previously poor countries is the most inspiring developmentof our time. It is also worrying.The environment is already under strain. What will happen when the global population rises from 7 billiontoday to 9.3 billion in 2050, as demographers(人口统计学家.expect, and a growing proportion of these peoplecan afford goods that were once reserved for the elite? Can the planet support so much economic activity?B.Many policymakers adopt a top-down and Westem-centric approach to such planetary problems. They discussambitious regulations in global forums, or look to giant multinationals and well-heeled (富有的.NGOs to setan example. But since most people live in the emerging world, it makes sense to look at what successfulcompanies there are doing to make growth more sustainable.C.A new study by the World Economic Forum (WEF.and the Boston Consulting Group (BCG)identifies 16 emerging-market firms that they say are turning eco-consciousness into a source of competitive advantage.These highly profitable companies (which the study calls "the new sustainability champions".are usinggreenery to reduce costs, motivate workers and forge relationships. Their home-grown ideas will probably beeasier for their peers to copy than anything cooked up in the West.D.The most outstanding quality of these companies is that they turn limitations (of resources, laborand infrastructure.into opportunities. Thus, India's Shree Cement, which has long suffered from watershortages, developed the world's most water-efficient method for making cement, in part by using air-coolingrather than water-cooling. Manila Water, a utility in the Philippines, reduced the amount of water it was losing,through wastage and illegal tapping, from 63% in 1997 to 12% in 2010 by making water affordable for the poor.Broad Group, a Chinese maker of air conditioners, taps the waste heat from buildings to power its machines. Zhangzidao Fishery Group, a Chinese aquaculture (水产养殖.company, recycles uneaten fish feed to fertilizecrops.E.Setting green goals is a common practice. Sekem, an Egyptian food producer, set itself the task of reclaiming(开垦.desert land through organic farming. Florida Ice & Farm, a Costa Rican food and drink company, hasadopted strict standards for the amount of water it can consume in producing drinks.F. These firms measure themselves by their greenery, too. Florida Ice & Farm, for example, links 60% of itsboss's pay to the triple bottom line of "people, planet and profit". The sustainability champions also encouragetheir workers to come up with green ideas. Natura, a Brazilian cosmetics company, gives bonuses to staff whofind ways to reduce the firm's impact on the environment. Masisa, a Chilean forestry company, invitesemployees to "imagine unimaginable businesses" aimed at poorer consumers. Woolworths, a South Africanretailer, claims that many of its best green ideas have come from staff, not bosses.G.In emerging markets it is hard for companies to stick to one specialism, because they have to worry about somany wider problems, from humble infrastructure to unreliable supply chains. So the sustainability championsseek to shape the business environment in which they operate. They lobby (游说.regulators: Grupo Balbo, aBrazilian organic-sugar producer, is working with the Brazilian government to establish a certification systemfor organic products. They form partnerships with governments and NGOs. Kenya's Equity Bank has formedan alliance with groups such as The International Fund for Agricultural Development to reduce its risks whenlending to smallholders. Natura has worked with its suppliers to produce sustainable packaging, including anew "green" plastic derived from sugar cane.H.The firms also work hard to reach and educate poor consumers, often sacrificing short-term profits to createfuture markets. Masisa organizes local carpenters into networks and connects them to low-income furniturebuyers. Broad Group has developed a miniature device for measuring air pollution that can fit into mobilephones. Jain Irrigation, an Indian maker of irrigation systems, uses dance and song to explain the benefits of drip irrigation to farmers who can't read. Suntech, a Chinese solar-power company, has established a low-carbon museum to celebrate ways of reducing carbon-dioxide emissions.Rich because green, or green because rich?I. One could quibble (争辩.with BCG's analysis. Phil Rosenzweig of Switzerland's LMD business school hasargued that management writers are prone to "the halo effect": they treat the temporary success of a companyas proof that it has discovered some eternal principle of good management. The fact that some successfulcompanies have embraced greenery does not prove that greenery makes a firm successful. Some fin-ms, havingprospered, find they can afford to splurge(挥霍.on greenery. Some successful firms pursue greenery forpublic-relations purposes. And for every sustainable emerging champion, there are surely 100 firms that haveprospered by belching(喷出.fumes into the air or pumping toxins into rivers.J. Nonetheless, the central message of the WEF-BCG study--that some of the best emerging-world companiesare combining profits with greenery--is thought-provoking. Many critics of environmentalism argue that it isa rich-world luxury: that the poor need adequate food before they need super-clean air. Some even seegreenery as a rich-world conspiracy(阴谋): the West grew rich by industrializing(and polluting), but nowwants to stop the rest of the world from following suit. The WEF-BCG report demonstrates that such fears areoverblown. Emerging-world companies can be just as green as their Western rivals. Many have found that,when natural resources are scarce and consumers are cash-strapped ( 资金短缺的), greenery can be alucrative(利润丰厚的.business strategy. 答案解析
There is a popular belief among parents that schools are no longer interested inspelling .No school I have taught in has ever __1___ spelling or considered it unimportantas a basic skill. There are, however , vastly different ideas about how to teach it , or howmuch ___2__ it must be given over general language development and writing ability. Theproblem is , how to encourage a child to express himself freely and __3___ in writing without holding him back with the complexities of spelling?If spelling become the only focal point of his teacher’s interest, clearly a __4__child will be likely to “play safe”. He will tend to write only words within his spelling range,choosing to avoid __5__ language. That’s why teachers often __6__ the early use ofdictionaries and pay attention to content rather than technical ability.I was once shocked to read on the bottom of a sensitive piece of writing abouta personal experience ：“ This work is __7__ !There are far too many spelling errors andyour writing is illegible( 难以辨认的 ).” It may have been a sharP__8__ of the pupil’stechnical abilities in writing, but it was also a sad reflection on the teacher who had omittedto read the essay, which __9__ some beautiful expressions of the child’s deePfeelings.The teacher was not wrong to draw attention to the errors, but if his priorities had centredon the child’s ideas, an expression of his disappointment with the presentation would havegiven the pupil more __10__ to seek improvement. A. priority 　　B. criticism C. contained D. clearly E. adventurous F. discourage G. motivation H. terrible I. ignored J. difficult 　　K. encourage L. expressed M. confidently N. bright O. motive 答案解析
They go to one of the world’s most prestigious universities and pride themselves on their (1) intellect but almost half of Cambridge students admit they are not immune from the temptation to cheat and (2) essays they find on Google, a survey suggests. The results of an anonymous online poll of more than 1,000 students (3) by the student newspaper Varsity found that 49 percent of undergraduates pass other people’s work off as their own at some point during their university (4) . Only 5 percent said they had (5) been caught plagiarising (剽窃).Academics in universities across the country have been (6) by their peers of turning a blind eye to the practice to (7) their institutions climb national and international rankings. One student told Varsity: "Sometimes, when I am really fed up, I Google the essay title, copy and throw everything on to a blank word (8) and jiggle the order a bit. They usually end up being the best essays." Law students were most prone to plagiarism with 62 percent of those questioned (9 to breaking university rules. Robert Foley, a professor in biological anthropology at King’s College Cambridge, said: "It is a depressing set of statistics." A university spokesman told Varsity that it regarded plagiarism as a "serious and potentially disciplinary offence which can lead to failure to obtain, or withdrawal of a degree." He said the university was planning to introduce (10) software to crack down on the problem.A. demonstrateB. submit C. career D. semester E. actuallyF. finally G. ensure H. conducted I. detection J. documentK. promote L. accused M. confess N. admitting O. superior 答案解析
The first modern Olympic Games was held in Athens（雅典)in 1896and only twelve nations participated. Besides the host nationman participants were tourists who __1__ to be inGreeceatthe time. Though the whole affair was __2__ and the standardwas not high, the old principle of amateur sport was kept up.Since then the games had been held every four yearsexcept during the __3__ of the two World War. This was __4__ adeparture from the old Olympic spirit when wars had to stoPandmake way for the games.The games have grown enormously in scale and __5__performances have now reached unprecedented heights.Unfortunately the same cannot be said about their __6__ standard.Instead of Olympia, the modern games are now held in differentcities all over the world. Inevitably politics and commercialismget involvedas countries vie each other for(为 ...... 而互相竞争) the __7__ to hold the games because of the politicalprestige and commercial profit to be __8__ out of them. Inthe 11 th games held in Berlin in 1936, Hitler who had newlycome to __9__ inGermanytried to use the occasion for hisNazi propaganda. For the first time the Olympic flame wasbrought all the way from Olympia to the games site in relays,a marathon journey now often taking months to __10__.A. honour B. accomplish C. had D. moral E. arrive F. occured G. end H. power I. happened J. definitely K. Physical L. informal M. interruption N. especially O. irregular 答案解析
A) The effect of television on children has been debated ever since the first sets were turned on. Now three new studies find that too much tube time can lower test scores, retard learning and even predict college performance. The reports appear in the July issue of the Archives of Pediatrics & Ado-lescent Medicine.　　B) In the first report, researchers studied the effect that having a TV in a child's bedroom can have on third graders. "We looked at the household media environment in relation to 　　academic achievementon mathematics, reading and language arts tests," said study author Dina L.G. Borzekowski, an as-sistant professor at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.　　C) Borzekowski and her colleague, Dr. Thomas Robinson of Stanford University, collected data on386 third graders and their parents about how much TV the children watched, the number of TV sets, computers and video game consoles in the household and where they were. They also collected data on how much time the children spent using the different media, as well as the time spent doing homework and reading. The researchers found that the media in the household, where it is and how it is used can have a profound effect on learning. "We found that the household media environment has a very close association with performance on the different test scores," Borzekowski said.　　D) "A child who has a TV in his or her bedroom is likely to have a score that is eight points lower on a mathematics test compared to a child who doesn't have a TV in the bedroom," she noted. These children also scored lower on the reading and language arts tests. However, children who have ac-cess to a home computer are likely to have higher scores on each of the tests compared with children who don't have access to a home computer, Borzekowski noted.　　E) The reasons why TV has this negative effect are not clear, Borzekowski said. "When there's TV in the bedroom, parents are less likely to have control over the content and the amount watched," Borzekowski said. "They are also unable to know how early or how late the set is on. This seems to be associated with kids' performance on academic tests." Borzekowski believes that content and the time the TV is on may be the primary reasons for its negative effect. "If the TV is in the family room, then parents can see the content of what children are watching," she said. "Parents can choose to sit alongside and watch, or turn the set off. A simple and straightforward, positive parenting strategy is to keep the TV out of the child's bedroom, or remove it if it's already there."　　F) In the second report, Dr. Robert J. Hancox from the University of Ot ago in Dunedin, New Zealand, and colleagues found, regardless of your intelligence or social background, if you watch a lot of TV during childhood, you are a lot less likely to have a college degree by your mid-20s. In their study, the researchers followed 1,037 people born in 1972 and 1973. Every two years, between the ages of5 and 15, they were asked how much television they watched. The researchers found that those who watched the most television during these years had earned fewer degrees by the time they were 26."We found that the more television the child had watched, the more likely they were to leave school without any qualifications," Hancox said in a prepared statement. "Those who watched little television had the best chance of going on to university and earning a degree."　　G) Hancox's team found that watching TV at an early age had the most effect on graduating from college. "An interesting finding was that although teenage viewing was strongly linked to leaving school without any qualifications, it was earlier childhood viewing that had the greatest impact on getting a degree," he said. "This suggests that excessive television in younger children has a long-lasting adverse effect on educational performance."　　H) In the third paper, Frederick J. Zimmerman and Dr. Dimitri A. Christakis from the University of Washington report that, for very young children, watching TV can result in lower test scores in mathematics, reading recognition and reading comprehension. "We looked at how much television children watched before age 3 and then at ages 3 to 5," Zimmerman said. "We found that for children who watched a small amount of TV in the earlier years, there was co nsider able beneficial effect compared to children who watched a lot of TV."　　I) For children aged 3 to 5, the effect was not as clear, Zimmerman said. "There were some beneficial effects of watching TV on reading, but no beneficial effects for math or vocabulary," he noted. "The worst pattern was to watch more than three hours of TV before age 3. Those kids had a significant disadvantage compared to the other kids." Parents should follow the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendation, which is no TV for children under 2, Zimmerman said. "Personally, I feel the cutoff should be children under 3, because there is just not any good content for children under 3."　　J) One expert believes that TV can have both positive and negative effects, but it all depends on what children are watching. "Content matters," said Deborah L. Line barger, an assistant professor at the University of Pennsylvania, who co-authored an accompanying editorial. "Educational content has been found to be related to performance on school readiness tests, higher grades when they are teen-agers, whereas, non-educational content tends to be associated with lower academic performance."　　K) Another expert agrees. "TV watching takes up space that could be used by more useful things," said Dr. Christopher P. Lucas, a clinical coordinator at the Early Childhood Evaluation and Treatment Program at the New York University Child Study Center. "TV is not necessarily toxic, but is some-thing that has to be done in moderation; something that balances the other needs of the child for healthy development."　　L) Lucas puts the responsibility for how much TV kids watch and what they watch squarely on parents. "The amount of TV watching certainly has a link with the reduced amount of time reading or doing homework," he said. "The key is the amount of control parents have in limiting the amount of access. Get the TV out of the bedroom; be aware of what is being watched; limit the amount of TV watching." 答案解析
A) The effect of television on children has been debated ever since the first sets were turned on. Now three new studies find that too much tube time can lower test scores, retard learning and even predict college performance. The reports appear in the July issue of the Archives of Pediatrics & Ado-lescent Medicine.　　B) In the first report, researchers studied the effect that having a TV in a child's bedroom can have on third graders. "We looked at the household media environment in relation to 　　academic achievementon mathematics, reading and language arts tests," said study author Dina L.G. Borzekowski, an as-sistant professor at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.　　C) Borzekowski and her colleague, Dr. Thomas Robinson of Stanford University, collected data on386 third graders and their parents about how much TV the children watched, the number of TV sets, computers and video game consoles in the household and where they were. They also collected data on how much time the children spent using the different media, as well as the time spent doing homework and reading. The researchers found that the media in the household, where it is and how it is used can have a profound effect on learning. "We found that the household media environment has a very close association with performance on the different test scores," Borzekowski said.　　D) "A child who has a TV in his or her bedroom is likely to have a score that is eight points lower on a mathematics test compared to a child who doesn't have a TV in the bedroom," she noted. These children also scored lower on the reading and language arts tests. However, children who have ac-cess to a home computer are likely to have higher scores on each of the tests compared with children who don't have access to a home computer, Borzekowski noted.　　E) The reasons why TV has this negative effect are not clear, Borzekowski said. "When there's TV in the bedroom, parents are less likely to have control over the content and the amount watched," Borzekowski said. "They are also unable to know how early or how late the set is on. This seems to be associated with kids' performance on academic tests." Borzekowski believes that content and the time the TV is on may be the primary reasons for its negative effect. "If the TV is in the family room, then parents can see the content of what children are watching," she said. "Parents can choose to sit alongside and watch, or turn the set off. A simple and straightforward, positive parenting strategy is to keep the TV out of the child's bedroom, or remove it if it's already there."　　F) In the second report, Dr. Robert J. Hancox from the University of Ot ago in Dunedin, New Zealand, and colleagues found, regardless of your intelligence or social background, if you watch a lot of TV during childhood, you are a lot less likely to have a college degree by your mid-20s. In their study, the researchers followed 1,037 people born in 1972 and 1973. Every two years, between the ages of5 and 15, they were asked how much television they watched. The researchers found that those who watched the most television during these years had earned fewer degrees by the time they were 26."We found that the more television the child had watched, the more likely they were to leave school without any qualifications," Hancox said in a prepared statement. "Those who watched little television had the best chance of going on to university and earning a degree."　　G) Hancox's team found that watching TV at an early age had the most effect on graduating from college. "An interesting finding was that although teenage viewing was strongly linked to leaving school without any qualifications, it was earlier childhood viewing that had the greatest impact on getting a degree," he said. "This suggests that excessive television in younger children has a long-lasting adverse effect on educational performance."　　H) In the third paper, Frederick J. Zimmerman and Dr. Dimitri A. Christakis from the University of Washington report that, for very young children, watching TV can result in lower test scores in mathematics, reading recognition and reading comprehension. "We looked at how much television children watched before age 3 and then at ages 3 to 5," Zimmerman said. "We found that for children who watched a small amount of TV in the earlier years, there was co nsider able beneficial effect compared to children who watched a lot of TV."　　I) For children aged 3 to 5, the effect was not as clear, Zimmerman said. "There were some beneficial effects of watching TV on reading, but no beneficial effects for math or vocabulary," he noted. "The worst pattern was to watch more than three hours of TV before age 3. Those kids had a significant disadvantage compared to the other kids." Parents should follow the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendation, which is no TV for children under 2, Zimmerman said. "Personally, I feel the cutoff should be children under 3, because there is just not any good content for children under 3."　　J) One expert believes that TV can have both positive and negative effects, but it all depends on what children are watching. "Content matters," said Deborah L. Line barger, an assistant professor at the University of Pennsylvania, who co-authored an accompanying editorial. "Educational content has been found to be related to performance on school readiness tests, higher grades when they are teen-agers, whereas, non-educational content tends to be associated with lower academic performance."　　K) Another expert agrees. "TV watching takes up space that could be used by more useful things," said Dr. Christopher P. Lucas, a clinical coordinator at the Early Childhood Evaluation and Treatment Program at the New York University Child Study Center. "TV is not necessarily toxic, but is some-thing that has to be done in moderation; something that balances the other needs of the child for healthy development."　　L) Lucas puts the responsibility for how much TV kids watch and what they watch squarely on parents. "The amount of TV watching certainly has a link with the reduced amount of time reading or doing homework," he said. "The key is the amount of control parents have in limiting the amount of access. Get the TV out of the bedroom; be aware of what is being watched; limit the amount of TV watching." 答案解析
News Report TwoQuestions 3 to 4 are based on the news report you have just heard. 答案解析
Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.　　 In the past, falling oil prices have given a boost to the world economy, but recent forecasts for global growth have been toned down, even as oil prices sink lower and lower. Does that mean the link between lower oil prices and growth has weakened?　　Some experts say there are still good reasons to believe cheap oil should heat up the world economy. Consumers have more money in their pockets when they’re paying less at the pump. They spend that money on other things, which stimulates the economy.　　The biggest gains go to countries that import most of their oil like China, Japan, and India. But doesn’t the extra money in the pockets of those countries’ consumers mean an equal loss in oil-producing countries, cancelling out the gains? Not necessarily, says economic researcher Sara Johnson. “Many oil producers built up huge reserve funds when prices were high, so when prices fall they will draw on their reserves to support government spending andsubsidies(补贴) for their consumers.”　　But not all oil producers have big reserves. In Venezuela, collapsing oil prices have sent its economy into free-fall.　　Economist Carl Weinberg believes the negative effects of plunging oil prices are overwhelming the positive effects of cheaper oil. The implication is a sharp decline in global trade, which has plunged partly because oil-producing nations can’t afford to import as much as they used to.　　Sara Johnson acknowledges that the global economic benefit from a fall in oil prices today is likely lower than it was in the past. One reason is that more countries are big oil producers now, so the nations suffering from the price drop account for a larger share of the global economy.　　Consumers, in the U.S. at least, are acting cautiously with the savings they’re getting at the gas pump, as the memory of the recent great recession is still fresh in their mind. And a number of oil-producing countries are trimming their gasoline subsidies and raising taxes, so the net savings for global consumers is not as big as the oil price plunge might suggest. 答案解析