style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/A.The enrichment of previously poor countries is the most inspiring development
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/of our time. It is also worrying.The environment is already under strain. What will happen when the global population rises from 7 billion today to 9.3 billion in 2050, as demographers(人口统计学家.expect, and a growing proportion of these people can afford goods that were once reserved for the elite? Can the planet support so much economic activity?
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/B.Many policymakers adopt a top-down and Westem-centric approach to such planetary problems. They discuss ambitious regulations in global forums, or look to giant multinationals and well-heeled (富有的.NGOs to set an example. But since most people live in the emerging world, it makes sense to look at what successful companies there are doing to make growth more sustainable.
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/C.A new study by the World Economic Forum (WEF.and the Boston Consulting Group (BCG)identifies 16 emerging-market firms that they say are turning eco-consciousness into a source of competitive advantage.These highly profitable companies (which the study calls "the new sustainability champions".are using greenery to reduce costs, motivate workers and forge relationships. Their home-grown ideas will probably be easier for their peers to copy than anything cooked up in the West.
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/D.The most outstanding quality of these companies is that they turn limitations (of resources, labor and infrastructure.into opportunities. Thus, India's Shree Cement, which has long suffered from water shortages, developed the world's most water-efficient method for making cement, in part by using air-cooling rather than water-cooling. Manila Water, a utility in the Philippines, reduced the amount of water it was losing,through wastage and illegal tapping, from 63% in 1997 to 12% in 2010 by making water affordable for the poor.Broad Group, a Chinese maker of air conditioners, taps the waste heat from buildings to power its machines. Zhangzidao Fishery Group, a Chinese aquaculture (水产养殖.company, recycles uneaten fish feed to fertilize crops.
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/E.Setting green goals is a common practice. Sekem, an Egyptian food producer, set itself the task of reclaiming(开垦.desert land through organic farming. Florida Ice & Farm, a Costa Rican food and drink company, has adopted strict standards for the amount of water it can consume in producing drinks.
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/F. These firms measure themselves by their greenery, too. Florida Ice & Farm, for example, links 60% of its boss's pay to the triple bottom line of "people, planet and profit". The sustainability champions also encourage their workers to come up with green ideas. Natura, a Brazilian cosmetics company, gives bonuses to staff who find ways to reduce the firm's impact on the environment. Masisa, a Chilean forestry company, invites employees to "imagine unimaginable businesses" aimed at poorer consumers. Woolworths, a South African retailer, claims that many of its best green ideas have come from staff, not bosses.
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/G.In emerging markets it is hard for companies to stick to one specialism, because they have to worry about so many wider problems, from humble infrastructure to unreliable supply chains. So the sustainability champions seek to shape the business environment in which they operate. They lobby (游说.regulators: Grupo Balbo, a Brazilian organic-sugar producer, is working with the Brazilian government to establish a certification system for organic products. They form partnerships with governments and NGOs. Kenya's Equity Bank has formed an alliance with groups such as The International Fund for Agricultural Development to reduce its risks when lending to smallholders. Natura has worked with its suppliers to produce sustainable packaging, including anew "green" plastic derived from sugar cane.
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/H.The firms also work hard to reach and educate poor consumers, often sacrificing short-term profits to create future markets. Masisa organizes local carpenters into networks and connects them to low-income furniture buyers. Broad Group has developed a miniature device for measuring air pollution that can fit into mobile phones. Jain Irrigation, an Indian maker of irrigation systems, uses dance and song to explain the benefits of drip irrigation to farmers who can't read. Suntech, a Chinese solar-power company, has established a low-carbon museum to celebrate ways of reducing carbon-dioxide emissions.
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/Rich because green, or green because rich?
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/I. One could quibble (争辩.with BCG's analysis. Phil Rosenzweig of Switzerland's LMD business school has argued that management writers are prone to "the halo effect": they treat the temporary success of a company as proof that it has discovered some eternal principle of good management. The fact that some successful companies have embraced greenery does not prove that greenery makes a firm successful. Some fin-ms, having prospered, find they can afford to splurge(挥霍.on greenery. Some successful firms pursue greenery for public-relations purposes. And for every sustainable emerging champion, there are surely 100 firms that have prospered by belching(喷出.fumes into the air or pumping toxins into rivers.
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/J. Nonetheless, the central message of the WEF-BCG study--that some of the best emerging-world companies are combining profits with greenery--is thought-provoking. Many critics of environmentalism argue that it is a rich-world luxury: that the poor need adequate food before they need super-clean air. Some even see greenery as a rich-world conspiracy(阴谋): the West grew rich by industrializing(and polluting), but now wants to stop the rest of the world from following suit. The WEF-BCG report demonstrates that such fears are overblown. Emerging-world companies can be just as green as their Western rivals. Many have found that, when natural resources are scarce and consumers are cash-strapped ( 资金短缺的), greenery can be a lucrative(利润丰厚的.business strategy.
1.[选词填空]Workers of the sustainability champions are motivated to bring forward green ideas.
2.[选词填空]An air-conditioner manufacturer uses the waste heat from buildings to supply its machines with power.
3.[选词填空]It is meaningful to study what successful companies in the emerging world are doing to achieve more sustainable growth, since most people live there.
4.[选词填空]It's difficult for companies in emerging markets to keep focusing on one specific problem because they have many wider problems to worry about.
5.[选词填空]Although some successful firms have embraced greenery, it doesn't mean that greenery will lead to the success of a firm.
6.[选词填空]It will probably be easier for companies to follow the home-grown ideas than those invented in the West.
7.[选词填空]To create future markets, the firms also make effort to reach and educate poor consumers, often at the cost of short-term profits.
8.[选词填空]It has been found that greenery can be profitable when natural resources are scarce and consumers are short of cash.
9.[选词填空]Sekem, which produces food in Egypt, set a goal to reclaim desert land through organic fanning.
10.[选词填空]Many critics of environmentalism hold the view that greenery is a rich-world luxury because that's not what the poor people badly want.