大学英语四级

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大学英语四级大学英语六级大学英语三级专四专八成人英语三级商务英语雅思 GRE

The Technology Makes ScentsA) "Memories, imagination, old sentiments, and associations are more readily reached through the sense of smell than through any other channel," said the 19th-century physician, poet and Harvard professor, Oliver Wendell Holmes. No wonder, then, that technologists have long sought a way to transmit smell electronically. Imagine being able to send from your phone not just a photo but the aroma( 芳香) of freshly mown grass, the scents of an exotic spice market or of a brand new perfume, and know that the recipient would instantly experience it. "Smell-and taste too-are going to be the next important dimensions for communicating by computer," says Adrian Cheok, professor of pervasive computing at City University in London. "They are the only senses connected with the limbic system(边缘系统）in the brain, which is responsible for emotion and memory. But it's difficult to transmit smell because it's analogue(模拟的). It's like sound before MP3. " B) The 42-year-old Australian electrical engineer is dedicated to bringing all five senses into communication and has a nose for(对敏感) commercial potential. His team's first smart phone smell product, Scentee, made by a Japanese company, is already selling 10,000 $ 30 units a month in Japan,traditionally the most receptive first market for eccentric technology products. It may soon make in-roads in the US. Bacon company Oscar Meyer earlier this year offered as competition prizes 1,000Scentees. The idea? For winners to programme their iPhone alarm to wake them with the aroma offrying bacon. Other innovators are working in this area too. Israeli inventor Amos Porat claims tohave shown a prototype of his digital smell dispenser, Scentasia, to enthusiastic toy manufacturers inthe US. Scentee is analogue in that it is chemical-based. It resembles a pipe bowl that connects to theheadphone socket of an iPhone 5 and, when triggered by text or alarm, emits a puff of, typically,bacon, coffee or lavender. Scentee can produce only one smell at a time, so the recipient has to havethe right cartridge (套筒) fitted to get the olfactory (嗅觉的) message as intended. But on ProfCheok's lab bench is the next prototype, which can produce 10 smell combinations. C) "Once these technologies come together, we'll have high-fidelity capture and transmission of smell,"Prof Cheok says, speaking in a workshop full of electronic components and soldering irons. "Therewill be something like an ink-jet printer, with maybe 100 valves in a unit and real time combinationsto create many smells. " While this is theoretically possible, he admits he has not actually done it yet.D) Corporate researchers are also looking into this area, however. Prof Cheok produces from his book-shelf a 2013 academic paper showing that this field may already be beyond the merely strange. It isentitled "Development of Highly Sensitive Compact Chemical Sensor System Employing a Microcantilever Array and a Thermal Preconcentrator". Its authors include someone from Olympus in Japan.E) But how convincing is the existing City University kit? Prof Cheok demonstrates some smells createdand bottled by the renowned Mugaritz restaurant in northern Spain, which is working with his depart-ment on smell transmission. For a restaurant, transmitting smell by Internet could be a great publicitytool. The first Mugadtz aroma, of sesame, is easy to recognise. The second, which I fail to guess,is saffron. The third, which I get with prompting, is black pepper.F) Prof Cheok's department is already working on the next level for smell transmission, which is wherethe technology goes from being partly analogue to wholly digital. "So the issue becomes, can we getaway from the chemicals by stimulating smell and taste with electrical or magnetic signals?"G) Prof Cheok produces a crude device that electronically creates artificial taste in the brain. It is a rawcircuit board with a metal part sticking out. He asks me to put my tongue on this, promising it hasbeen cleaned with alcohol. An assistant clicks on her laptop and I get a distinctly sour sensation.Sweet, salty and bitter, he says, are in development. For electronic smell, the department is collabo-rating with a neuroscience lab in France specialising in "emotional perception". "The olfactory bulb(嗅球) is harder to access than the tongue, buried behind the nose, so probes would be painful," heexplains. "So the idea might, be a small magnetic coil in the mouth and a pulsed magnetic field thatwill generate currents in the olfactory bulb. It could take the form of a mouth guard kind of thing. "He suggests making food taste salty by embedding a taste probe on to your fork and knife. H) Prof Cheok envisages electronic taste transmission might lead to the development of "digital food",he says, "People will transmit a flavour over the internet. " As with digital music, people will be a-ble to use the technology to invent new flavours. "It won't just lead to reproduction of coffee orwhatever, but we will digitally invent completely new kinds of food based on digital smell andtaste. "I) A full professor at 36, Prof Cheok's accessible TED-talk manner, along with the proven demand in its test market for Scentee, gives even his arguably more left field predictions a whiff of plausibility. Af- ter all, if there is one constant that perhaps explains why some sceptically received inventions succeed where others fail, it is that they appeal to basic human emotion and the desire to communicate.J) Lest any bodily sense should feel left out, Prof Cheok then turns to communicating touch by comput- er, an idea that was being discussed 30 years ago when virtual reality was in vogue. Except, as with Scentee, Prof Cheok and his disciples have already been there and sold the T-shirt, so to speak. James Teh, a former PhD student, has spun off a Singapore company, www. mytjacket, tom, making re- motely controlled "hugging jackets" for autistic children( 自闭症儿童), who are especially receptive to a hug, even if it is delivered by a parent thousands of miles away from his phone. It is impossible, of course, to predict if any of Prof Cheok and his team's inventions will take off. However, with their focused attention to those all important human emotions, and the raw evocative(唤起的）power of smell in particular, it is hard not to feel they are in fertile territory. 答案解析
How to Make Attractive and Effective PowerPoint PresentationsA． Microsoft PowerPoint has dramatically changed the way in which academic and business presentations are made. This article outlines few tips on making more effective and attractive Power-Point presentations.The TextB． Keep the wording clear and simple. Use active, visual language. Cut unnecessary words--a good rule of thumb is to cut paragraphs down to sentences, sentences into phrases, and phrases into keywords. Limit the number of words and lines per slide. Try the Rule of Five-five words per line, five lines per slide. If too much text appears on one slide,use the Auto Fit feature to split it between two slides. Click within the placeholder to display the Auto Fit Options button (its symbol is two horizontallines with arrows above and below., then click on the button and choose Split Text between Two Slides from the submenu.C． Font size for titles should be at least 36 to 40, while the text body should not be smaller than 24.Use only two font styles per slide--one for the title and the other for the text. Choose twofonts that visually contrast with each other. Garamond Medium Condensed and impact are good for titles, while Garamond or Tempus Sans can be used for thetext body.D． Embed the fonts in your presentation, ifyou are not sure whether the fonts used in the presentation are present in thecomputer that will be used for the presentation. To embed the fonts: ( 1 )Onthe File menu, click Save As.(2) On the toolbar, click Tools, click Save Options, select the Embed True Type Fonts check box, and then select Embed characters in use only.E． Use colors sparingly; two to three atmost. You may use one color for all the titles and another for the text body.Be consistent from slide to slide. Choose a font color that contrasts well withthe background.F． Capitalizing the first letter of eachword is good for the title of slides and suggests a more formal situation than having just the first letter of the first word capitalized. In bullet point lines, capitalize the first word and no other words unless they normally appear capped. Upper and lower case lettering is more readable than all capital letters. Moreover, current styles indicate that using all capital letters meansyou are shouting. If you have text that is in the wrong case, select the text, and then click Shift+F3 until it changes to the case style that you like. ClickingShift+F3 toggles the text case between ALL CAPS, lower case, and Initial Capital styles.G) Use bold or italic typeface for emphasis. Avoid underlining, it clutters up the presentation. Don't center bulleted lists or text. It is confusing to read. Left align unless you have agood reason not to. Run "spell check" on your show when finished.The BackgroundH) Keep the background consistent. Simple,light textured backgrounds work well. Complicated textures make the content hard to read. If you are planning to use many clips in your slides, select a white background. If the venue of your presentation is not adequately light-proof, select a dark-colored background and use any light color for text.Minimize the use of "bells and whistles" such as sound effects,"flying words" and multiple transitions. Don't use red in any fonts or backgrounds. It is an emotionally overwhelming color that is difficult to see and read.The ClipsI) Animations are best used subtly; too much flash and motion can distract and annoy viewers( Do not rely too heavily on those images that were originally loaded on your computer with the rest of Office. You can easily find appropriate clips on any topic through Google images. While searching for images, do not use long search phrases as isusually done while searching the web-use specific words.J) When importing pictures, make sure that they are smaller than two megabytes and are in a jpg format. Larger files can slow down your show. Keep graphs, charts and diagrams simple, if possible. Use bar graphs and pie charts instead of tables of data. The audience can then immediately pick up the relationships.The PresentationK) If you want your presentation todirectly open in the slide show view, save it as a slide show file using the following steps. Open the presentation you want to save as a slide show. On the File menu, click Save As. In the Save as type list, click PowerPoint Show. Your slide show file will be saved with a ppt file extension. When you double-clickon this file, it will automatically start your presentation in slide show view.When you're done, PowerPoint automatically closes and you return to the desktop. If you want to edit the slide show file, you can always open it from PowerPoint by clicking Open on the File menu.L) Look at the audience, not at the slides,whenever possible. If using a laser pointer, don't move it too fast. For example, if circling a number on the slide, do it slowly. Never point the laser at the audience. Black out the screen (use "B" on the keyboard) after the point has been made, to put the focus on you. Press the key again to continue your presentation.M) You can use the shortcut command [Ctrl]P to access the Pen tool during a slide show. Click with your mouse and drag to use the Pen tool to draw during your slide show. To erase every-thing you've drawn, press the E key. To turn off the Pen tool, press [Esc] once.MiscellaneousN) Master Slide Set-Up: The "master slide" will allow you to make changes that are reflected on every slide in your presentation. You can change fonts, colors, backgrounds, headers, and footers at the "master slide" level. First, go to the"View" menu. Pull down the "Master" menu. Select the" slide master" menu. You may now make changes at this level that meet your present ation needs. 答案解析
Definitions of ObesityA． How does one define when a person is considered to be obese and not just somewhat overweight? Height-weight tables give an approximate guideline as to whether one is simply overweight or has passed into the obese stage.B． The World Health Organization recommends using a formula that takes into account a person's height and weight.-The"Body Mass Index" (BMI) is calculated by dividing the person's weightin kilograms by the square of their height in meters, and is thus given inunits of kg/m2. A BMI of 18.5-24.9 is considered to be the healthiest. A BMI of between 25 and 29.9 is considered to be overweight, while a BMI of over 30 is considered to be obese.C． However, it is recognized that this definition is limited as it does not take into account such variables as age,gender and ethnic origin, the latter being important as different ethnic group shave very different fat distributions. Another shortcoming is that it is not applicable to certain very muscular people such as athletes and bodybuilders,who can also have artificially high BMIs. Agencies such as the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) in the USA and the International Diabetes Foundation (IDF) are starting to define obesity in adults simply in terms of waist circumference.Health Effects of ObesityD． Over 2000 years ago, the Greek physician Hippocrates wrote that" persons who are naturally very fat are apt to die earlier than those who are slender". This observation remains very true today.Obesity has a major impact on a person's physical, social and emotional well-being. It increases the risk of developing diabetes mellitus type 2("mature onset diabetes") and also makes Type 2 diabetes more difficult to control. Thus weight loss improves the levels of blood glucose and blood fats, and reduces blood pressure. The association between obesity and coronary heart disease is also well-known.CancerE． Furthermore, in 2001 medical researchers established a link between being overweight and certain forms of cancer, and estimated that nearly 10,000 Britons per year develop cancer as a result ofbeing overweight. This figure was made up of 5,893 women and 3,220 men, with the strongest associations being with breast and colon cancers. However, it is thought that being overweight may also increase the risk of cancer in there productive organs for women and in the prostate gland for men.F． The link between breast cancer and nutritional status is thought to be due to the steroid hormones, oestrogen and progesterone, which are produced by the ovaries, and govern a woman's menstrual cycle. Researchers have found that the more a woman eats, or the more sedentary her lifestyle, the higher are the concentrations of progesterone. This link could explain why women from less affluent countries have lower rates of breast cancer. Women from less affluent nations tend to eat less food and to lead life styles which involve more daily movement. This lowers their progesterone level, resulting in lower predisposition to breast cancer.G． The Times newspaper, in 2002 reported that obesity was the main avoidable cause of cancer among non-smokers in theWestern world!AgingH. Research published by St Thomas'Hospital, London, UK in 2005 showed a correlation between body fat and aging,to the extent that being obese added 8.8 years to a woman's biological age. The effect was exacerbated by smoking, and a non-overweight woman who smokes 20 cigarettes a day for 20 years added 7.4 years to their biological age. The combination of being obese and a smoker added at least ten years to a woman's biological age, and although the study only involved women, the lead researcher Professor Tim Spector believes the finding would also apply to men.I. The aging effect was determined by measuring the length of telomeres, tiny "caps" on the ends of chromosomes,which help protect the DNA from the ageing process. Indeed, telomeres have been dubbed the "chromosomal clock" because, as an organism ages, they become progressively shorter, and can be used to determine the age of the organism. Beyond a certain point, the telomere becomes so short that it is nolonger able to prevent the DNA of the chromosome from falling apart. It is believed that excess body fat and the chemicals present in tobacco smoke release free radicals which trigger inflammation. Inflammation causes the production of white blood cells which increases the rate of erosion oftelomeres.DementiaJ. Recent research (2005) conducted in the USA shows that obesity in middle age is linked to an increased risk of dementia, with obese people in their 40s being 74% more likely to develop dementia compared to those of normal weight. For those who are merely overweight, the lifetime risk of dementia risk was 35% higher.K. Scientists from the Aging Research Centre at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden have been able to take information such as age, number of years in education, gender, body mass index, blood pressure level, physical activity and genetic factors, assigning each a risk score. They then used this information to devise a predictive test for dementia. This test will enable people at risk, for the first time, to be able to affect life style changes which will reduce their risk of contracting dementia.Other ProblemsL. The world-wide upsurge in obesity,particularly in children, is of major economic concern, liable to drain economies. Of further concern is that research conducted in Australia and published in 2006, shows that up to one third of breech pregnancies were undetected by the traditional "palpation" examination, the danger being greatest for those women who are overweight or obese—a growing proportion of mothers. This means that such women are not getting the treatment required to turn the baby around in time for the birth, and in many cases require an emergency caesarean section.M. This is a true health-care crisis, far bigger than Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and ultimately, even bigger than AIDS. 答案解析
A．Nowadays, as China's middle class swells in number---and its people discover the pleasures and disappointments of a life spent pursuing material comfort-- there has come the emergence of a distinct counter-culture. In Chinese, they are the wenyi qingnian, or wenqing for short, literally meaning "culturedyouth". It's China's closest equivalent to the alternately beloved and criticized English word, "hipster". B．What does a typical "cultured youth" look like? Baidu Baike, China's version of Wikipedia, contains an entry on the term that quotes the writer andmusician Guo Xiaohan: "I think I'm a wenyi qingnian, and a very typicalone. I like poetry, novels, indie music ( 独立音乐 ) , European cinema,taking pictures, writing blogs, cats, gardening, making dessert and designingenvironmentally friendly bags." C．Spiritual at heart, yet living in a very material, money-driven modern society,wenqing are marked as highly individualistic, romantic, cultural connoisseurs(行家). D．They are more likely to be middle-to-upper class citizens, and stand indeliberate contrast to their Louis Vuitton-bag toting, BMW-driving, nouveauriche ( 暴发户) counterparts. They are defined much less by what theyown, and much more by how they think. And as Faye Li, a 27-year-old NGOworker in Beijing, said with slight mockery, "They always like to be differentfrom everybody else." E．Like hipsters, wenqing strongly resist labeling themselves as such. Theterm "cultured youth" can divide Chinese audiences, alternately attractingadmiration or mockery. A perfect example emerged on Sina Weibo withthis post entitled, "Shanghai 'cultured youth' girls aboard a subway readingpoetry".F．The post features a video showing three women dressed in striped dresseswith tiny, feathered top hats pinned to their hair. On board a crowdedsubway carriage they read aloud a poem about nature. Some commenterscongratulated the performers, commending-them for their creativity anddaring. But others called the video "rubbish" or noted that there did not seemto be much difference between "cultured youth" and "dnmbass youth" whichwritten in Chinese Internet slang as "2B qingnian". G．One Internet user condemned the three performers as inauthentic ( 不真实的 ) , writing, "Wenqing doesn't mean going through the motions; it's aboutthe content, and even more about the feelings of the inner world. Go and livein the world of wenqing, and you'll realize it has nothing to do with age orgender." The commenter's earnestness is a cultural mark of these "culturedyouth". H．A photo collage ( 拼贴 ) that has been reposted over 7,000 times on SinaWeibo may help to illuminate the precise differences between a "culturedyouth" and a "2B youth". It illustrates a number of day-to-day activities, suchas driving, writing and eating, but each is performed in three different styles:The ordinary way, the "cultured youth" way, and the "2B youth" way. I．While meant to be humorous, it also keenly illustrates how the definitionof "cultured youth" diverges from that of a "2B youth". It also shows whatthe self-confessed "dumbasses" of China share in common with Americanhipsters, or at least with their counter-culture origins. J．In the United States, hipsterism ( 嬉皮士文化 ) first grew out of theslacker ( 逃避工作者 ) era of the 1990s. Slackers were frustrated youths, stuck in low paid "McJobs" and pessimistic about their futures. They hadwitnessed the sophistication (老练) with which corporate America had somagnificently co-opted the values and alternative lifestyles of the hippies,protest culture and other counter-cultures of the previous three decades. Theirresponse was to stop creating new culture altogether, indeed, to stop believing in anything. K．Of course, the adaptability of corporate America continues to prove itself, andin the last decade we have seen hipsterism well and truly enter the Americanmainstream. Where recycling ideas from the past or from the working classwas once a kind of anti-fashion, it is now fashion. And yet hipsterism hasretained a flavor--however empty--of rebellion. L．These characteristics are common to China's "2B youth". They are youngmen and women who have nothing much going on. As the photo collage suggests, they like to engage in pointless and deliberately self-defeatingbehavior, all, it sometimes seems, for nothing more than the "lulz" ( 从别人的痛苦中获得快乐). M．Behind these counter-cultures lies a hard reality. A recently released PewGlobal Attitudes Survey showed that 81 percent of those polled in Chinaagreed with the following statement: "The rich just get richer while thepoor get poorer." And as Foreign Policy reported, the country's gender imbalance--120 boys for every 100 girls--has put serious pressure on the nation's bachelors. Those hunting for a bride have come to understand that they should come calling only when armed with an apartment. This, even though "the average property in a top-tier Chinese city now costs between 15 and 20 times the average annual salary". N．In the face of such great social pressures, it's small wonder that some Chineseyouth have made giving up an art form and a point of pride. Terms once slung like stones--"2B qingnian," along with diaosi ( 屌丝 ) , meaning "loser"-have been reclaimed by their victims and are now employed in deliberate self-mockery. These words provide a sense of identity and belonging to young Chinese who feel that on the bitterly competitive playing field of Chinese society, they are not simply falling behind; they're altogether out of the race. O．For the majority of young Chinese, the formula for success in their fast-rising,hard-charging society remains the same: Study hard, chase the big bucks,become "mortgage slaves", quickly get married, and have a kid. Then watchthe cycle repeat. But for the growing number who find these goals harderto achieve, embracing their outsider status might be the best--and perhapsonly--way forward. 答案解析
It’s never easy to admit you are in the wrong. Being human, we all need to know the art of apologizing. Look back with honesty and think how often you’ve judged roughly, said __1__ things, pushed yourself ahead at the expense of a friend. Then count the occasions when you indicated clearly and __2__ that you were sorry. A bit frightening, isn’t it? Frightening because some deePwisdom in us knows that when even a small wrong has been committed, some mysterious moral feeling is __3__, and it stays out of balance until fault is acknowledged and __4__ is expressed.I remember a doctor friend, telling me about a man who came to him with a variety of signs: headaches, insomnia and stomach trouble. No __5__ cause could be found. Finally my friend said to the man, "Unless you tell me what’s worrying you, I can’t helPyou."After some hesitation, the man __6__ that, as executor of his faher’s will, he had been cheating his brother, who lived abroad, of his __7__. Then and there the wise old doctor made the man write to his brother asking __8__ and enclosing a cheque as the first stePin restoring their good relation. He then went with him to mail box in the corridor. As the letter disappeared, the man burst into tears. "Thank you," He said, "I think I’m __9__." And he was. A heartfelt apology can not only __10__ a damaged relationshiPbut also make it stronger. If you can think of someone who deserves an apology from you, someone you have wronged, or just neglected, do something about it right now.A. heal B. mental C. unkind D. regret E. accurately F. confessed G. inheritance H. physical I. cured J. treat K. truly L. unfaithful M. forgiveness N. disturbed O. excuse 答案解析
It’s never easy to admit you are in the wrong. Being human, we all need to know the art of apologizing. Look back with honesty and think how often you’ve judged roughly, said __1__ things, pushed yourself ahead at the expense of a friend. Then count the occasions when you indicated clearly and __2__ that you were sorry. A bit frightening, isn’t it? Frightening because some deePwisdom in us knows that when even a small wrong has been committed, some mysterious moral feeling is __3__, and it stays out of balance until fault is acknowledged and __4__ is expressed.I remember a doctor friend, telling me about a man who came to him with a variety of signs: headaches, insomnia and stomach trouble. No __5__ cause could be found. Finally my friend said to the man, "Unless you tell me what’s worrying you, I can’t helPyou."After some hesitation, the man __6__ that, as executor of his faher’s will, he had been cheating his brother, who lived abroad, of his __7__. Then and there the wise old doctor made the man write to his brother asking __8__ and enclosing a cheque as the first stePin restoring their good relation. He then went with him to mail box in the corridor. As the letter disappeared, the man burst into tears. "Thank you," He said, "I think I’m __9__." And he was. A heartfelt apology can not only __10__ a damaged relationshiPbut also make it stronger. If you can think of someone who deserves an apology from you, someone you have wronged, or just neglected, do something about it right now.A. heal B. mental C. unkind D. regret E. accurately F. confessed G. inheritance H. physical I. cured J. treat K. truly L. unfaithful M. forgiveness N. disturbed O. excuse 答案解析
Sport is not only physically challenging, but it can also be mentally challenging. Criticismfrom coaches, parents, and other teammates, as well as pressure to win can create an excessiveamount of __1__ or stress for young athletes. Stress can be physical, emotional, or psychologicaland research has indicated that it can lead to burnout. Burnout has been described as __2__ orquitting of an activity that was at one time enjoyable.The early years of development are __3__ years for learning about oneself. The sport settingis one where valuable experiences can take place. Young athletes can, for example, learn how to__4__ with others, make friends, and gain other social skills that will be used throughout their lives.Coaches and parents should be aware, at all times, that their feedback to youngsters can __5__affect their children. Youngsters may take their parents’ and coaches’ criticisms to heart and find aflaw（缺陷）in themselves.Coaches and parents should also be __6__ that youth sport participation does not become workfor children. That outcome of the game should not be more important than the __7__ of learning thesport and other life lessons. In today’s youth sport setting, young athletes may be worrying moreabout who will win instead of __8__ themselves and the sport. Following a game many parents andcoaches __9__ on the outcome and find fault with youngsters’ performances. Positive reinforcementshould be provided regardless of the outcome. Research indicates that positive reinforcement motivatesand has a greater effect on learning that criticism. Again, criticism can create __10__ levels of stress,which can lead to burnout. A. process　 B. high C. enjoying 　　D. anxiety E. settle　　F. cautious G. cooperate H. greatly I. dropping　　J. hardly K. intense L. focus M. aspiration N. critical O. procedure 答案解析
A公司在2012年1月1日向银行申请了一笔1000万美元的一年期贷款，并约定每个季度偿还利息，且还款利率按照结算日的6M-LIBOR(伦敦银行间同业拆借利率）+25个基点（BP)计算得到。A公司必须在2012年的4月1日、7月1日、10月1日及2013年的1月1日支付利息，且于（）偿还本金答案解析
面值为1000000美元的3个月期国债，当成交指数为94.12时，买卖这种债券的成交价为（）美元。答案解析
Americans are proud of their variety and individualty, yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform. Why are uniforms so __1__ in theUnited States? 　　Among the arguments for uniforms, one of the first is that in the eyes of most people they look more __2__ than civilian（百姓的） clothes. People have become conditioned to __3__ superior quality from a man who wears a uniform. The television repairman who wears a uniform tends to __4__ more trust than one who appears in civilian clothes. Faith in the __5__ of a garage mechanic is increased by a uniform. What an easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to __6__ professional identity（身份） than to step out of uniform? Uniforms also have many __7__ benefits. They save on other clothes. They save on laundry bills. They are often more comfortable and more durable than civilian clothes. 　　Primary among the arguments against uniforms is their lack of variety and the consequent loss of __8__ experienced by people who must wear them. Though there are many types of uniforms, the wearer of any particular type is generally stuck with it, without __9__, until retirement. When people look alike, they tend to think, speak, and act __10__, on the job at least. A. skill B. popularC. get D. change E. similarly F. professional G. character H. individuality I. inspire J. differently K. expect L. practical M. recall N. loseO. ordinary 答案解析
Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can __1__ performance at work and school. Cognitive( 认识派的 ) researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on __2__ and gifts from others. 　　The latter view has gained many supporters, __3__ among educators. But the careful use of small __4__ rewards speaks creativity in grade school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements(刺激) indeed __5__inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 　　“If kids know they’re working for a reward and can focus on a relatively __6__ task, they show the most creativity,” says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. “But it’s easy to __7__ creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards. 　　A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands our high grades for __8__ achievement ends uPwith uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and __9__ failing grades. 　　In early grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points to ward valued rewards, shows __10__ in raising efforts and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims. A. mentalB. promiseC. killD. avoid　E. hope　 F. especiallyG. aidH. ordinaryI. approvalJ. monetaryK. generallyL. improveM. challengingN. restoreO. excellent 答案解析
关于持续性房颤，下列叙述不正确的是答案解析
The American patent system, provided for in the Constitution, was designed to encourage the creation and use of new technology. An inventor would describe the invention, both in writing and with drawings, and __1__ the description with a model to a government official. If the invention was judged to be ___2__ and beneficial, the official would give the inventor a patent. The patent meant that for 14 years the inventor owned the new invention. Inventors could ___3__ their ideas to manufacturers or just use them themselves. The government would not ___4__ any other patent for the same idea, and the inventor could ___5__ anyone of using the patented idea with- out paying the owner of the patent for ___6__ to use it.　　A useful patent meant that the inventor could make a lot of money. In exchange for this gover- nmental protection, the government published the patent __7___ , which had to provide enough information so that other people could understand the invention—thus adding to the general__8_technological knowledge. And at the end of the 14 years, anyone could use the invention for__9__.The idea behind the patent system was twofold: it would increase the amount of technology, by providing a way for people to make money out of new ideas, and it would make new technology widely available, by publicizing ideas that might ___10__ be kept as trade secrets.A. licenseB. howeverC. accuseD. submitE. convenientF. permissionG. enableH. freeI. specificationsJ. yieldK. issueL. chargeM. available N) otherwiseO. original 答案解析
A pioneering study into the effects of a mother’s fat intake during pregnancy on her child’s health when he or she grows up is being launched at the University of Southampton.　　The research will investigate whether the type and amount of fat a mother eats during pregnancy 1 the risk of heart disease, 2 high blood pressure, in her child when he or she reaches adulthood.　　Although the link between high fat diets and high blood pressure is well known, there has been 3 research into the connection between a woman’s diet and her child’s risk of hypertension (高血压).　　The study, which is 4 by the British Heart Foundation, is led by Dr Graham Burdge, British Heart Foundation Professor of Cardiovascular Science.　The award of this 5 grant is part of a ￡3.5 million boost for heart research in the UK by the British Heart Foundation. The charity’s special grants are made to fund research into the causes, prevention, 6 and treatment of heart disease, the UK’s biggest killer.　　Dr Burdge says, “The type and amount of fat in our diet has 7 during the past 50 years. Pregnant women 8 the same diet as the rest of us, but we know very little about the 9 of these changes in dietary (饮食的) fat on the development and future health of their children. We hope that the 10 of this study will help to develop recommendations for pregnant women about how much fat they should eat and what types of fat they should avoid.”A. fundedB. diagnosis C. includingD. founded E. changed F. enough G. findingsH. limitedI. consumeJ. coveringK. influencesL. notoriousM. effectsN. affectsO. prestigious 答案解析
The American patent system, provided for in the Constitution, was designed to encourage the creation and use of new technology. An inventor would describe the invention, both in writing and with drawings, and __1__ the description with a model to a government official. If the invention was judged to be ___2__ and beneficial, the official would give the inventor a patent. The patent meant that for 14 years the inventor owned the new invention. Inventors could ___3__ their ideas to manufacturers or just use them themselves. The government would not ___4__ any other patent for the same idea, and the inventor could ___5__ anyone of using the patented idea with- out paying the owner of the patent for ___6__ to use it.　　A useful patent meant that the inventor could make a lot of money. In exchange for this gover- nmental protection, the government published the patent __7___ , which had to provide enough information so that other people could understand the invention—thus adding to the general__8_technological knowledge. And at the end of the 14 years, anyone could use the invention for__9__.The idea behind the patent system was twofold: it would increase the amount of technology, by providing a way for people to make money out of new ideas, and it would make new technology widely available, by publicizing ideas that might ___10__ be kept as trade secrets.A. licenseB. howeverC. accuseD. submitE. convenientF. permissionG. enableH. freeI. specificationsJ. yieldK. issueL. chargeM. available N) otherwiseO. original 答案解析
In recent years, more and more foreigners are involved in the teaching programs of theUnited States. Both the advantages and the disadvantages1 using foreign faculty in teaching positions have to be2 , of course. It can be said that the foreign background that makes the faculty member from abroad an asset also3 problems of adjustment, both for the university and for the individual. The foreign research scholar usually isolates himself in the laboratory as a means of protection; 4 , what he needs is to be fitted to a highly organized university system quite different from5 at home. He is faced in his daily work with differences in philosophy, arrangements of courses and methods of teaching. Both the visiting professor and his students6 a common ground in each other’s cultures, some concept of what is already in the minds of American students is7 for the foreign professor. While helping him to adapt himself to his new environment, the university must also 8certain adjustments in order to take full advantage of what the newcomer can9 . It isn’t always known how to make creative use of foreign faculty, especially at smaller colleges. This is thought to be a10 where further study is called for. The findings of such a study will be of value to colleges and universities with foreign faculty.A. field B. possess C. consideredD. express E. offer F. create G. requiredH. of I. emerge J. make K. lack L. however M. scope N. cause O. that 答案解析
Rock and roll is a genre of popular music that evolved in theUnited Statesin the late 1940s and early 1950s. Its 1 lie mainly in blues, rhythm and blues, country, folk, gospel, and jazz. The style subsequently spread to the rest of the world and developed further, leading ultimately to 2 rock music.　　The term “rock and roll” now covers at least two different meanings, both in common usage. The American Heritage Dictionary and the Merriam-Webster Dictionary both 3 rock and roll as synonymous with rock music.　　4 , Allwords.com defines the term as referring specifically to the music of the 1950s.　　Classic rock and roll is 5 played with one or two electric guitars, a string bass or an electric bass guitar, and a drum kit. In the 6rock and roll styles of the late 1940s, either the piano or saxophone was often the lead instrument, but these were generally 7 or supplemented by the guitar in the middle to late 1950s.　　The massive popularity and eventual worldwide view of rock and roll gave it a 8 social impact. Far beyond simply a musical style, rock and roll, as seen in movies and in the new medium of television, 9 lifestyles, fashion, attitudes, and language. It went on to spawn various sub-genres, often without the initially 10 backbeat, that are now more commonly called simply “rock music” or “rock”.A. define B. characteristicC. uniqueD. rootsE. usuallyF. Basically　 G. earliest H. influencedI. followedJ. modernK. explanation L. ConverselyM. replaced N.prepareO. seld 答案解析
A) One evening a few years ago I found myself in an anxiety. Nothing was really wrong my family and I were healthy, my career was busy and successful -- I was just feeling vaguely down and in need of a friend who could raise my spirits, someone who would meet me for coffee and let merant until the clouds lifted. I dialed my best friend, who now lives across the country in California, and got her voicemail. That's when it started to dawn on me -- lonesomeness was at the root of my dreariness. My social life had dwindled to almost nothing, but somehow until that moment I'd been too busy to notice. Now it hit me hard. My old friends, buddies since college or even childhood, know everything about me; when they left, they had taken my context with them.　　B) Research has shown the long-range negative consequences of social isolation on one's health. But my concerns were more short-term. I needed to feel understood right then in the way that only a girlfriend can understand you. I knew it would be wrong to expect my husband to replace my friends: He couldn't, and even if he could, to whom would I then complain about my husband? So I resolved to acquire new friends -- women like me who had kids and enjoyed rolling their eyes at the worlda little bit just as I did. Since I'd be making friends with more intention than I'd ever given the process, I realized I could be selective, that I could in effect design my own social life. The down side, of course, was that I felt pretty frightened.　　C) After all, it's a whole lot harder to make friends in midlife that it is when yon're younger -- a fact woman I've spoken with point out again and again. As Leslie Danzig, 41, a Chicago theater director and mother, sees it, when you're in your teens and 20s, you're more or less friends with everyone unless there's a reason not to be. Your college roommate becomes your best pal at least partly due to proximity. Now there needs to be a reason to be friends. "There are many people I'm comfort-able around, but I wouldn't go so far as to call them friends. Comfort isn't enough to sustain a real friendship," Danzig says.　　D) At first, finding new companions felt awkward. At 40 I couldn't run up to people the way my4-year-old daughters do in the playground and ask, "Will you be my friend? Every time you start anew relationship, you're vulnerable again," agrees Kathleen Hall, D Min, founder and CEO of the Stress Institute, in Atlanta. "You're asking, 'Would you like to come into my life?' It makes us self-conscious."　　E) Fortunately, my discomfort soon passed. I realized that as a mature friend seeker my vulnerability risk was actually pretty low. If someone didn't take me up on my offer, so what: I wasn't in junior high, when I might have been rejected for having the wrong clothes or hair. At my age I have amassed enough self-esteem to realize that I have plenty to offer.　　F) We're all so busy, in fact, that mutual interests -- say, in a project, class, or cause that we already make time for -- become the perfect catalysts for bringing us in contact with candidates for camaraderie. Michelle Mertes, 35, a teacher and mother of two in Wausau, Wisconsin, says anew friend she made at church came as a pleasant surprise. "In high school I chose friends based on their popular-ity and how being part of their circle might reflect on me. Now's it's our shared values and activities that count." Mertes says her pal, with whom she organized the church's youth programs, is nothing like her but their drive and organizational skills make them ideal friends.　　G) Happily, as awkward as making new friends can be, self-esteem issues do not factor in -- or if they do, you can easily put them into perspective. Danzig tells of the mother of a child in her son's pre-school, a tall, beautiful woman who is married to a big-deal rock musician. "I said to my husband, she's too cool for me,'" she jokes. "I get intimidated by people. But once I got to know her, she turned out to be pretty laid-back and friendly." In the end there was no chemistry between them, so they didn't become good pals. "I realized that we weren't each other's type, but it wasn't about hierarchy." What midlife friendship is about, it seems, is reflecting the person you've become (or are still becoming) back at yourself, thus reinforcing the progress you've made in your life.　　H) Harlene Katzman, 41, a lawyer in New York City, notes that her oldest friends knew her back when she was less sure of herself. As much as she loves them, she believes they sometimes respond to is-sues in light of who she once was. An old chum has the goods on you. With recently made friends, you can turn over a new leaf.　　I) A new friend, chosen right, can also help you point your boat in the direction you want to go. Hanna Dershowitz, 39, an attorney and mother in Los Angeles, found that a new acquaintance from workwas exactly what she needed in a friend. In addition to liking and respecting Julia, Dershowitz had a feeling that the fit and athletic younger woman would help her to get in shape.　　J) While you're busy making new friends, remember that you still need to nurture your old ones. We asked Marla Paul, author of The Friendship Crisis: Finding, Making, and Keeping Friends When You "re Not a Kid Anymore, for the best ways to maintain these important relationships. Keep in touch. Your friends should be a priority; schedule regular lunch dates or coffee catch-up sessions, no matter how busy you are. Know her business. Keep track of important events in a friend's life and show your support. Call or e-mail to let her know you're thinking of her. Speak your mind. Tell a friend (politely) if something she did really upset you. If you can't be totally honest, then you need to reexamine the relationship. Accept her flaws. No one is perfect, so work around her quirks --she's chronically late, or she's a bit negative -- to cut down on frustration and fights. Boost her ego. Heartfelt compliments make everyone feel great, so tell her how much you love her new sweater or what a great job she did on a work project. 答案解析
Transition to Sound FilmA) The shift from silent to sound film at the end of the l920s marks，so far。the most important trans formation in motion picture history．Despite all the highly visible technological developments in theatrical and home delivery of the moving image that have occurred over the decades since then．no single 1anovation has come close to being regarded as a similar kind of watershed．In nearly every language．however the words are phrased，the most basic division in cinema history lies between films that are mute and films that speak．B) Yet this most fundamental standard of historical periodization conceals a host of paradoxes．Nearly every movie Theatre，however modest．had a piano or organ to provide musical accompaniment to silent pictures．In many instances，spectators in the era before recorded sound experienced elaborate aural presentations alongside movies’visual images，from the Japanese benshi(narrators)crafting multi-voiced dialogue narratives to original musical compositions performed by symphony．size orchestras in Europe and the United States．In Berlin，for the premiere performance outside the Soviet Union of The Battleship Potemkin。film director Sergei Eisenstein worked with Austrian composer Ed．mund Meisel(1874—1930)on a musical score matching sound to image；the Berlin screenings with live music helped to bring the film its wide international fame．C) Beyond that，the triumph of recorded sound has overshadowed the rich diversity of technological and aesthetic experiments with the visual image that were going forward simultaneously in the l920s．New color processes，larger or differently shaped screen sizes，multiple-screen projections．even televislon，were among the developments invented or tried out during the period，sometimes with starting success．The high costs of converting to sound and the early limitations of sound technology were among the factors that suppressed innovations or retarded advancement in these other areas．The intr0—duction of new screen formats was put off for a quarter century，and color，though utilized over the next two decades for special productions，also did not become a norm until the l950s．D) Though it may be difficult to imagine from a later perspective，a stream of critical opinions in the1920s predicted that sound film would be a technical novelty that would soon fade from sight，just as had many previous attempts，dating well back before the First World War，to link images with recorded sound．These critics were making a common assumption that the technological inadequacies of earlier efforts(poor synchronization，weak sound amplification。fragile sound recordings)would in—variably occur again．To be sure，their evaluation of the technical flaws in l920s，sound experiments was not so far off the mark, yet they neglected to take into account important new forces in the motion picture field that, in a sense, would not take no for an answer.~E) These forces were the rapidly expanding electronics and telecommunications companies that were developing and linking telephone and wireless technologies in the 1920s. In the United States, they included such firms as American Telephone and Telegraph, General Electric, and Westinghouse. They were interested in all forms of sound technology and all potential avenues for commercial exploitation.F) Their competition and collaboration were creating the broadcasting industry in the United States, be-ginning with the introduction of commercial radio programming in the early 1920s. With financial assets considerably greater than those in the motion picture industry, and perhaps a wider vision of the relationships among entertainment and communications media, they revitalized research into recording sound for motion pictures. In 1929 the United States motion picture industry released more than 300sound films--a rough figure, since a number were silent films with music tracks, or films prepared in dual versions, to take account of the many cinemas not yet wired for sound. At the production level,in the United States the conversion was virtually complete by 1930. In Europe it took a little longer,mainly because there were more small producers for whom the costs of sound were prohibitive, and in other parts of the world problems with rights or access to equipment delayed the shift to sound production for a few more years (though cinemas in major cities may have been wired in order to play foreign sound films). The triumph of sound cinema was swift, complete, and enormously popular.G) A film, also called a movie or motion picture, is a series of still images which, when shown on a screen, creates the illusion of moving images. A film is created by photographing actual scenes with a motion picture camera; by photographing drawings or miniature models using traditional animation techniques; by means of CGI computer animation; or by a combination of some or all of these techniques and other visual effects. The process of filmmaking is both an art and an industry. Films were originally recorded onto plastic film which was shown through a movie projector onto a large screen;more modem techniques may use wholly digital filming and storage, such as the Ruian camera which records onto hard-disk or flash cards.H) Films usually include an optical soundtrack, which is a graphic recording of the spoken words, music and other sounds that are to accompany the images. It runs along a portion of the film exclusively re-served for it and is not projected.I) Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures. They reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment, and a powerful medium for educating-or indoctrinating-citizens. The visual basis of film gives it a universal power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles to translate the dialogue into the language of the viewer. 答案解析
Transition to Sound FilmA) The shift from silent to sound film at the end of the l920s marks，so far。the most important trans formation in motion picture history．Despite all the highly visible technological developments in theatrical and home delivery of the moving image that have occurred over the decades since then．no single 1anovation has come close to being regarded as a similar kind of watershed．In nearly every language．however the words are phrased，the most basic division in cinema history lies between films that are mute and films that speak．B) Yet this most fundamental standard of historical periodization conceals a host of paradoxes．Nearly every movie Theatre，however modest．had a piano or organ to provide musical accompaniment to silent pictures．In many instances，spectators in the era before recorded sound experienced elaborate aural presentations alongside movies’visual images，from the Japanese benshi(narrators)crafting multi-voiced dialogue narratives to original musical compositions performed by symphony．size orchestras in Europe and the United States．In Berlin，for the premiere performance outside the Soviet Union of The Battleship Potemkin。film director Sergei Eisenstein worked with Austrian composer Ed．mund Meisel(1874—1930)on a musical score matching sound to image；the Berlin screenings with live music helped to bring the film its wide international fame．C) Beyond that，the triumph of recorded sound has overshadowed the rich diversity of technological and aesthetic experiments with the visual image that were going forward simultaneously in the l920s．New color processes，larger or differently shaped screen sizes，multiple-screen projections．even televislon，were among the developments invented or tried out during the period，sometimes with starting success．The high costs of converting to sound and the early limitations of sound technology were among the factors that suppressed innovations or retarded advancement in these other areas．The intr0—duction of new screen formats was put off for a quarter century，and color，though utilized over the next two decades for special productions，also did not become a norm until the l950s．D) Though it may be difficult to imagine from a later perspective，a stream of critical opinions in the1920s predicted that sound film would be a technical novelty that would soon fade from sight，just as had many previous attempts，dating well back before the First World War，to link images with recorded sound．These critics were making a common assumption that the technological inadequacies of earlier efforts(poor synchronization，weak sound amplification。fragile sound recordings)would in—variably occur again．To be sure，their evaluation of the technical flaws in l920s，sound experiments was not so far off the mark, yet they neglected to take into account important new forces in the motion picture field that, in a sense, would not take no for an answer.~E) These forces were the rapidly expanding electronics and telecommunications companies that were developing and linking telephone and wireless technologies in the 1920s. In the United States, they included such firms as American Telephone and Telegraph, General Electric, and Westinghouse. They were interested in all forms of sound technology and all potential avenues for commercial exploitation.F) Their competition and collaboration were creating the broadcasting industry in the United States, be-ginning with the introduction of commercial radio programming in the early 1920s. With financial assets considerably greater than those in the motion picture industry, and perhaps a wider vision of the relationships among entertainment and communications media, they revitalized research into recording sound for motion pictures. In 1929 the United States motion picture industry released more than 300sound films--a rough figure, since a number were silent films with music tracks, or films prepared in dual versions, to take account of the many cinemas not yet wired for sound. At the production level,in the United States the conversion was virtually complete by 1930. In Europe it took a little longer,mainly because there were more small producers for whom the costs of sound were prohibitive, and in other parts of the world problems with rights or access to equipment delayed the shift to sound production for a few more years (though cinemas in major cities may have been wired in order to play foreign sound films). The triumph of sound cinema was swift, complete, and enormously popular.G) A film, also called a movie or motion picture, is a series of still images which, when shown on a screen, creates the illusion of moving images. A film is created by photographing actual scenes with a motion picture camera; by photographing drawings or miniature models using traditional animation techniques; by means of CGI computer animation; or by a combination of some or all of these techniques and other visual effects. The process of filmmaking is both an art and an industry. Films were originally recorded onto plastic film which was shown through a movie projector onto a large screen;more modem techniques may use wholly digital filming and storage, such as the Ruian camera which records onto hard-disk or flash cards.H) Films usually include an optical soundtrack, which is a graphic recording of the spoken words, music and other sounds that are to accompany the images. It runs along a portion of the film exclusively re-served for it and is not projected.I) Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures. They reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment, and a powerful medium for educating-or indoctrinating-citizens. The visual basis of film gives it a universal power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles to translate the dialogue into the language of the viewer. 答案解析