大学英语四级

考试类别

大学英语四级大学英语六级大学英语三级专四专八成人英语三级商务英语雅思 GRE

在基差交易中，卖方叫价是指（　）。答案解析
Single-sex education is the practice of conducting education where male and female students attend separate classes in separate schools. The practice was predominant (突出的) before the midtwentieth century, particularly in secondary education and higher education. Single-sex education is often advocated on the basis of tradition,as well as religious or cultural values. It is practiced in many parts of the world. A number of studies starting in the 1990s are showing statistical data that children from single-sex schools are outperforming students from coeducational (男女同校的) schools,although some studies also say that these are non-conclusive. In 2002, because of these studies and bipartisan (两党的) support, the US law of 1972 that made coeducation in public schools mandatory was revoked and funding was given in support of the single-sex option. There are now associations of parents who are advocating for single-sex education.In some cases, parents are now making the decision to send their child to a single-sex schools for the following reasons.The first one is the teacher-student ratios are typically much higher in the single-sex schools because in most single-sex schools there are smaller class sizes. Secondly, parents and students are often choosing a single-sex learning environment because they think with good reason that their child or themselves will receive a better education. International research has shown that boys and girls perform best when they are taught separately in their teen years. Critics of the single-sex education argue that segregated learning facilities are inherently unequal. System bias will reinforce gender stereotypes and perpetuate societal inequalities in opportunities afforded to males and females. Single-sex schools in fact accentuate (使……突出) gender-based educational limitations and discrimination. Boy's schools may not offer home economics classes, while girl's schools may not offer metalwork, woodwork or as wide a variety of sports. Some children like larger classrooms. These larger classrooms give them more competition and can even make some students more motivated to work harder. When there are more children in a class people may think children can get lost, but some students think of it as something that pushes them to work harder. Although this statement is the opposite of a single-sex school advantage that was listed above, this is just further proof that it all depends on each child and that each children quires a learning environment best for her/him. 答案解析
假设某投资者持有A、B、C三只股票。三只股票的β系数分别为1．2、0．9和1．05，其资金分配分别是100万元、200万元和300万元，则该股票组合的β系数为（）。答案解析
基差变小，称为"走弱"（Weaker)。基差走弱常见的情形有（）答案解析
A theme is emerging from the flood of recent corporate earnings reports: cost cuts are boosting profits. Investors are cheering, but they shouldn't. Even in these tough times, more CEOs should be talking about how they are seeking out investments, developing new technologies and making acquisitions.That's what will set their companies up fora stronger future. Intel Corp.'s former CEO Gordon Moore had it right when he said years ago that "you can't save your way out of a recession." He meant that even in the toughest times, companies have to spend money on new ideas.Recessions always end, Moore often said, and when they do, companies that embraced innovation (创新)during the downturn won't be stuck with obsolete products and services. Instead, they'll have new things to offer' once demand picks up again. "Customers don't come out of recessions spending the way they did before," said Chunka Mui, who has studied how companies can capitalise on opportunities during crises at his Chicago-based consulting firm, The Devil's Advocate Group. "They demand something different." Surprisingly few companies are following Moore's advice of innovating during recessions. Many have been weakened by the pullback in consumer and business spending as well as tight credit conditions,which is making it harder for companies to get loans to fund their operations. That's driven some to hold cash and make drastic cost cuts. They're slashing (大幅度削减)jobs and wages and closing stores and factories. The aggressive cuts have allowed companies to exceed Wall Street's expectations for their earnings. In fact, the"good" news has sent the Dow Jones industrial average above 10,000 for the first time in a year. The problem is that too many companies are making widespread, not focusedcuts. They're telling every division to cut 10 percent of their work force or slashing marketing dollars by the same amount companywide. "That is a quick way to rid a company of costs. But it doesn't help it get in a better position going forward",says Cesare Mainardi, managing director at the consulting firm Booz & Co.and coauthor of the new book Cut Costs, Grow Stronger, "and a downturn like this should force people's hand". 答案解析
The picnics，speeches，and parades of today’s Labor Day were all part of the first celebration，held in New York City in 1882. Its promoter was an Irish-American labor leader named Peter J. McGuire, a carpenter by trade. McGuire had worked since the age of eleven and in 1882 was president of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners(UBCJ). Approaching the City’s Central Labor Union that summer，he proposed a holiday that would applaud(赞许)“the industrial spirit-the great vital force of every nation”. on September 5，his suggestion bore fruit，as an estimated 10，000 workers，many of them ignoring their bosses’warnings，left work to march from Union square up Fifth Avenue to 42nd Street. The event gained national attention，and by 1893 thirty states had made Labor Day an annual holiday. The quick adoption of the scheme may have indicated less about the state lawmaker’s respect for working people than about a fear of risking their anger. In the 1880s the United States was a land sharply divided between the immensely wealthy and the very poor. Henry George was accurate in describing the era as one of“progress and poverty”. In a society in which factory owners rode in private Pullmans while ten-year-olds slaved in the mines，strong anti-capitalist feelings ran high. Demands for fundamental change were common throughout the labor press. With socialists demanding an end to“wage slavery" and anarchists(无政府主义)singing the praises of the virtues of dynamite(炸药)，middle-of-the-roader slike Samuel Gompers and McGuire seemed attractively mild by comparison. One can imagine practical capitalists seeing Labor Day as a bargain：A one-day party certainly cost them less than paying their workers decent wages. 答案解析
假定年利率为8%，年指数股息率d为1．5%，6月30 E1是6月指数期货合约的交割日。4月15 日的现货指数为1 450点，则4月15 E1的指数期货理论价格是（）点。答案解析
Of the millions of inventions,what are the eight greatest?A） I’ve drawn up a list. And there’s one thing I know about this list: You won’t agree with it. Some of you will write to tell me I forgot the gun, the airplane, or whatever. Which is fine: A top-eight list is all about starting a good argument. But to draw up such a list, you have to set some guidelines and here are mine：I'm starting at the year zero. Otherwise, we’d never get out of prehistory. And I'm limiting inventions to physical devices. The scientific method, the university and electricity don’t count—they are, respectively, a concept, a social system, and something we discovered but which existed all along. This is a list of end products. That is, I'm excluding components with no independent function. Take the gear, for example. A groundbreaking bit of technology to be sure. Without it, we’d scarcely have any machines at all. But we never say, “Oh, damn, I’m out of gears!” Ditto microchips, transistors, and ball bearings. Here, then, in no particular order, are my nominees as the eight greatest inventions.1.The Mechanical ClockB） Before this invention, time was inseparable from events, the main one being the sun crossing the sky. Only local time existed, no universal river of time. If you agreed to meet someone at sunset, you had to say where, because the sun is always setting somewhere. Then, mechanical clocks came around. Gradually, as these clocks all came to be coordinated, they created public time, a thing in itself: one single, universal current flowing everywhere throughout the universe, always at the same pace. People could now communicate with each other by coordinating to this universal frame of reference.. Thus, clocks made factories, offices, schools, meetings, and appointments possible.2.The Printing PressC） Unoriginal, I know, but still it’s true. Gutenberg’s press, with its movable type, launched publishing. In the short term, this made the Reformation possible by putting a Bible in the hands of anybody who wanted one. The Church lost its lock on truth, and the sovereign individual soon emerged as the key unit of Western society. In the longer term, publishing universalized literacy. Before this invention, so few could read that, effectively, even those few lived in a world of oral tradition and memory. Humanity’s consensual picture of reality was shaped by stories, told and retold. In this fluid world, if the big picture shifted, no one knew, because they had nothing to check it against. The proliferation of text fixed objective reality. Now, when two people disagree about what happened yesterday, they can look it up. Our modern collective picture of reality is founded on facts archived as text.3.Immunization and AntibioticsD） Three centuries ago, almost everyone died of infectious diseases. When the plague broke out in l347, it killed nearly half of Europe—in about two years. When diseases such as smallpox reached North America, they reduced the indigenous population by about 90 percent within a century. As late as 1800, the leading cause of death in the West was tuberculosis. Hardly anyone died of old age back then, one reason why elders were revered. Today, elders are a dime a dozen: nothing unusual about surviving past 70. In the United States, 73 percent of people die of heart failure, cancer, and stroke. It’s a different world, folks.4.The TelephoneE） Lets of people imagined the telephone before any telephone existed. Once the device was invented. and businessmen had wrested it away from the inventors, the Network began to form. That’s the actual invention— the Network. It enables anyone to talk to anyone anywhere at any given moment. So today, anyone’s real-time group includes people not physically present, and they could be anywhere. The infrastructure took some time to develop, but the telephone implied all this from the start.5.The Electrical GridF） Electricity existed all along, but the system of devices needed to generate this force and distribute it to individual buildings was an invention, launched initially by Edison: He effectively turned electricity into a salable commodity and his Pearl Street station was the world’s first electric power station. Nikola Tesla’s invention of alternating current(AC)technology then made it possible to transmit electricity over long distances, leading to the nationwide grid we know today. Now, anyone in the West and throughout most of the world can tap into the grid to power everything from light bulbs to computers. We are, in fact, a social organism animated by electricity.6.The AutomobileG） Once cars were invented, roads were improved. Once roads were improved, cities sprouted suburbs, because people could now live in the country, yet work in the city. And thus we have become a nation of sprawl, rather than density. Furthermore, as cars grew popular, the oil industry boomed. Oil became a key to power and wealth—and one of the major factors for political and economic unrest in the Middle East. And here we are today.7.The TelevisionH） Wherever a television set is on, it absorbs attention like no other piece of furniture. Jane Healy, in her book Endangered Minds, says television has changed the human brain itself. Our neural networks are not hardwired at birth but continue to develop for several years, new circuits forming in response to our first interactions with the environment. In much of the developed world, young children interact largely with television, so their neural networks can accommodate its warm, one-way, pacifying, activity-dampening stimulus.8.The ComputerI） My deepest, richest, most diverse, and rewarding relationship is with my computer. It plays games with me, tells me jokes, plays music to me, and does my taxes. I have great conversations with it, too. These conversations appear as e-mail and take on the personalities of supposed “friends, ” but the human embodiments of those “friends” are rarely with me. My concrete relationship is with this object on my desk for in my lap). 答案解析
Are we ready for the library of the future?Librarians or providers of tech support?A） Librarians today will tell you their job is not so much to take care of books but to give people access to information in all forms. Since librarians, like so many people, believe that the entire universe of commerce, communication and information is moving to digital form, they are on a reform to give people access to the Internet—to prevent them from becoming second-class citizens in an all-digital world. Something funny happened on the road to the digital library of the future, though. Far from becoming keepers of the keys to the Grand Database of Universal Knowledge, today’s librarians are increasingly finding themselves in an unexpected, overloaded role: They have become the general public’s last-resort providers of tech support.B） It wasn’t supposed to be this way. Today’s libraries offer a variety of media and social-cultural events—they are “blended libraries. ” to use a term created by Kathleen Imhoff, assistant director of the Broward County Library of Fort Lauderdale, Florida. At the newly remodeled San Francisco Public Library, the computers are prominently displayed in the center of the library building while the books are all but hidden on the periphery(外围). Irnhoff's own library has word processing and other types of software for visitors to use, Internet access, audio CDs, videotapes, concerts, lectures, books and periodicals in three forms(print, microfiche and digital). Many libraries have found that this kind of “blending” is hugely popular in their communities, and librarians explain the changes in their institutions’ roles by pointing to the public demand for these new services. But other trends are at work, too.Can computers really help visitors to find what they want?C） For some time, libraries have been automating their back-end, behind-the-desk functions for reasons of cost and convenience, just like any other business. Now, the computers have moved out from behind librarians’ desks and onto the floor where the visitors are. This means that, suddenly, library-goers will have to know how to use those computers. This sounds reasonable enough until you take a close look. Unfortunately, the same technology that cuts costs and relieves librarians of work behind the scenes increases it for the public—and for the librarians at the front desk who have to help the public figure out how to use the technology. The unhappy result: People are simply not finding the information they seek.D） If you are just coming to the library to read a book for pleasure and you know what a card catalog is and you have some basic computer skills, then you are going to be OK. But if you are trying to find some specific information—say, whether software in the classroom helps kids learn better or the causes of lung cancer or the basic procedure for doing a cost-benefit analysis of computer systems (three topics I have actually tried to look up in the San Francisco library)—then you’re in trouble.What should a visitor of the future library be equipped with?E） To begin with, library visitors must now be able to type, to use a mouse and a menu and to understand the various types of computer interfaces(terminal text, windows and browsers). It’s also nice if you know 17 different ways to quit a program, which electronic databases you should look in for what kinds of information, the grammar necessary to define your search and the Library of Congress’ controlled vocabulary. After I had been to the new San Francisco library three times, I started keeping a folder of instructions on how to do a keyword search(for an author, for example), since l would forget between visits.F） Probably half the population has never used a computer, fewer know how to type and almost nobody knows anything about electronic databases or searching grammar. As a result, the public library is now engaged in a massive attempt to teach computer literacy to the entire country. Some librarians compare it to the adult literacy programs the library also sponsors, but this is on a far larger scale—and less closely tied to the library’s traditional mission.What do libraries do to help visitors to get prepared for the future libraries?G） The response at each library system has been different. Some libraries actually give courses in word processing, accounting program and so on. But even at libraries where the staff has resisted becoming computer trainers, they are still forced to devote significant resources to the problem. Such has been the case in San Francisco where people with disabilities can sign up to use the voice-recognition program Dragon Dictate—but only if they can prove they already know how to use the software. The librarians have neither the time nor the peculiar skill(nor the time to develop the skill)to teach it to them. At the reference desks, librarians try not to spend a lot of time teaching people the basics of how to use the computer, but sometimes it’s unavoidable. “We try to get them started, ” says business librarian John Kenney. “We let them do as much as they call on their own and they come get us. It’s certainly a big problem. ”H） The San Francisco library offers classes on its own electronic catalog, commercial periodical indexes and the Internet twice a week as well as occasional lectures about the Internet. Although it seems odd to me that people now need to take a two-hour class before they can use the library, the classes are always full. But despite the excellent teachers, two hours is simply not enough to meet the needs of the students, many of whom have never used a computer before in their lives and many of whom simply can’t type. When I took the class one Tuesday, the man sitting next to me said he has used the library’s computer catalog many times, but he keeps making typing mistakes without knowing it. This unexpectedly throws him into the wrong screens and he doesn’t know how to get back. On the floor, he repeatedly has to ask a librarian for help.Libraries’ own troubleI） “Providing technology does not mean people can use the technology, ” says Marc Webb, a San Francisco librarian and one of the teachers. “Half the voters are still trying to read English. ” The library has also had to deal with the practical difficulties of making its catalog accessible via the Internet, a new service many libraries are starting to offer. “It’s absolutely overwhelming, ” Webb says. “Everyone is getting to us with multiple transports, they’re all using different software, they have Winsock or Telnet set up differently, and suddenly the library is forced to become a hardware and software help desk. When you’re trying to tell someone over the telephone how to set up Winsock through AOL when this is the first time they’ve ever used a computer, it’s very difficult. ” 答案解析
Pub-talkA） Pub-talk, the most popular activity in all pubs, is a native dialect with its own distinctive grammar. There are very few restrictions on what you can talk about in pubs: pub etiquette (礼节) is concerned mainly with the form of your conversation, not the content.The greeting ritualWhen a regular enters the pub, you will often hear friendly greetings from other regulars, the publican and bar staff (“Evening, Joe”, “Alright, Joe?”, “Wotcha, Joe”, “Usual is it, Joe?”, etc.). The regular responds to each greeting, usually addressing the greeter by name or nickname (“Evening, Doe”, “Alright, there, Lofty?” “Wotcha, Bill” “Usual, thanks, Pauline”, etc.). No one is conscious of obeying a rule or following a formula, yet you will hear the same greeting ritual in every pub in the country.Pub etiquette does not limit the actual words to be used in this exchange—and you may hear some inventive and peculiar variations. The words may not even be particularly polite: a regular may be greeted with “Back again, Joe?—haven’t you got a home to go to?” or “Ah, just in time to buy your round, Joe!”How to join inB） When you first enter a pub, don’t just order a drink—start by saying “Good evening” or “Good morning”, with a friendly nod and a smile, to the bar staff and the regulars at the bar counter. For most natives, this will start an automatic greeting-response, even if it is only a nod. Don’t worry if the initial response is somewhat reserved. By greeting before ordering, you have communicated friendly intentions. Although this does not make you an “instant regular”, it will be noticed, and your subsequent attempts to initiate contact will be received more favorably.The pub-argumentC） You may well hear a lot of arguments in pubs—arguing is the most popular pastime of regular pub-goers—and some may seem to be quite heated. But pub-arguments are not like arguments in the real word. They are conducted in accordance with a strict code of etiquette: You should not take things too seriously. The etiquette of pub-arguments reflects the principles governing all social interaction in the pub: equality, interaction, the pursuit of intimacy and a non-aggression agreement. Any student of human relations will recognize these principles as the essential foundation of all social bonding, and social bonding is what pub-arguments are all about. Rule number one: The pub-argument is an enjoyable game—no strong views or deeply held convictions are necessary to engage in a lively dispute. Pub regulars will often start an argument about anything, just for the fun of it.D） A bored regular will often deliberately spark off an argument by making an outrageous or extreme statement, and then sit back and wait for the inevitable cries of “Rubbish!”—or something less polite. The initiator will then hotly defend his statements (which he secretly knows to be indefensible), and counter-attack by accusing his opponents of stupidity, ignorance or worse. The exchange may continue in this fashion for some time, although the attacks and counter-attacks will often drift away from the original issue, moving on to other contentious subjects and eventually focusing almost entirely on the personal qualities of the participants. You may notice, however, that opponents continue to buy each other drinks throughout the match. By the end, everyone may have forgotten what the argument was supposed to be about. No-one ever wins, no-one ever surrenders. When participants become bored or tired, the accepted formula for ending the argument is to finish a sentence with “—and anyway, it’s your round”. Opponents remain the best of mates, and a good time has been had by all.How to join inE） Do not try to join in arguments taking place at tables: only those which occur at the bar counter are “public” arguments. Even at the bar counter, watch for the “open” body-language which signals that others are welcome to participate. Involvement of the bar staff or publican is another sign that the argument is public rather than personal. Body-language and facial expressions are also your best guide to the level of “seriousness” of the dispute. Heated and even insulting words may be used, but in most pub-arguments the relaxed posture and expressions of the participants reveal the lack of any real hostility. Once you have established that the argument is both public and non-hostile, feel free to add your comments and opinions—but remember that this is a game, and do not expect to be taken seriously. Also remember that round-buying is the most effective non-aggression signal. If you unknowingly cause offence, or find yourself in any trouble, buy a round of drinks for your companions. The phrase “I think it must be my round” should get you out of almost any difficulty.Free-associationF） Listen carefully, and you will realize that most pub-talk is also a form of free-association. In the pub, the naturally reserved and cautious natives give voice to whatever passing thought happens to occur to them. You will notice that pub-conversations rarely progress in any kind of logical manner; they do not stick to the point, nor do they reach a conclusion. Pub-talk moves in a mysterious way—mostly in apparently random sideways leaps.’ A remark about the weather starts a prediction as to which horse will win the big race at Cheltenham, which starts an argument about the merits of the National Lottery, which leads to a discussion of the latest political scandal, which is interrupted by another regular demanding assistance with a crossword clue, one element of which leads to a comment about a recent fatal traffic accident in the neighborhood, which somehow turns into a discussion about the barman’s new haircut and so on. There is a vague logic in some of the connections, but most changes of subject are started by participants “free-associating” with a random word or phrase.How to join inG） Having established that the conversation is “public” (taking place at the bar counter, open body-language, etc.), you just say whatever happens to come into your head in connection with the current topic of conversation.Pub humorJokes, puns, teasing, wit, and backchat (回嘴) are all essential ingredients of pub-talk. In fact, you will notice that most pub-talk has an undercurrent of humor, never far below the surface.Most pub humor is quite subtle—occasionally to the point of obscurity—and some participants have a command of irony that would impress Jane Austen.Rule number two: Be prepared to laugh at yourself, as you will almost certainly be teased.H） Like Austen’s Mr. Bennet, pub regulars are disposed to find the faults and mistakes of others amusing, rather than distressing. A boastful person will often be encouraged to explain his favorite topic (“Oh, did you really? Do tell us about it!”) purely so that the audience may laugh at his self-importance. If you are inclined to take yourself a bit too seriously, to mention your high-powered job more often than is strictly necessary, or to derive too much enjoyment from the sound of your own voice—beware! Any over-obvious attempts to impress the natives will have the opposite effect. But if you are teased about your failings, do not be upset or offended. Teasing is a sign that you are liked, in spite of your faults. Among regulars, everyone is subjected to at least some teasing—even the most kind and popular person will be found to have some quality worth laughing at. If the natives did not like you, they would not tease you, but would simply ignore and avoid you.How to join inI） As a newcomer, it is best to show that you can laugh at yourself before making fun of your new acquaintances. You may not be able to match the dry wit and quick response of native pub-goers, but as a foreigner, you do have two advantages. First, British pub-goers tend to regard all foreigners as instinctively funny. If you are prepared to laugh at yourself, all of your apparent disadvantages such as language difficulties, unfamiliarity with native customs, ignorance about British beer etc. are potential sources of amusement. Second, regulars may well be bored with each other’s familiar jokes, and will welcome any fresh material you can offer. 答案解析
The Right Amount of EnergyA）We all enjoy being around people with energy. They inspire us. They are stimulating, fun, and uplifting. An energetic person has passion in his voice, a bounce in his step, and a smile on his face. Energy makes a person likable, and likability is a key ingredient in persuasive communications. Many business professionals underestimate the energy level required to generate enthusiasm among their listeners. But electrifying speakers bring it. They have an energy that is several levels higher than the people they are attempting to influence.B）Most business professionals could use an energy boost for public speaking situations such as webinars, podcasts, staff meetings, conference calls, and television and radio interviews. Each of these opportunities requires a higher level of energy than would normally be appropriate if you were just chatting to someone in the hallway. But how do you project the right level of vigor without seeming over the top? By weighing yourself on an energy scale，and on this scale, more is better.The Energy ScaleC）Recently I helped an executive prepare for his first major presentation in his new role. “Tell me where your energy is right now on a scale of one to ten,” I asked. “One being fast asleep and ten being Jim Cramer on Mad Money. You know, the guy who’s yelling and gesturing wildly on his CNBC show. Where are you now?” “A three,” the speaker replied. “OK, what would it feel like to be a seven, eight or nine? Give it a try,” I suggested. If they’re being honest, most presenters place themselves at a three to six on the energy scale. That means there is plenty of room to boost your energy while not appearing too zany. But keep in mind, once you hit a ten or higher, you could be the next YouTube (GOOG) hit—which is not necessarily your top objective! Here are several surefire strategies to boost your energy presence.____1.Practice leaving your comfort zone.D）Record several minutes of your presentation as you would normally deliver it. Play it back, preferably with someone else watching and listening as well. Ask yourself and the observer, where am I on the energy scale? Now try it again. This time, break out of your comfort zone. Ham it up. Raise your voice. Use big gestures. Put a big smile on your face. Get to a point where you would feel slightly awkward and uncomfortable. Now watch it. Most likely your energy level will be far more engaging and still remain appropriate for the situation.2.Smile and have fun.E）Why do most people seem to enjoy Virgin entrepreneur Richard Branson? Because the guy has fun and it shows. He always has a warm, engaging smile on his face. Of course, you can argue that it’s easy to walk around with a smile when you’re worth $4 billion! But seriously, smile. It won’t hurt and it will make you more likable. Most business professionals don’t smile as much as they should during presentations. I’m helping some executives prepare for CES, the big Consumer Electronics Show in January where they will announce new products. They get so caught up in the slides and what they’re going to say (as they should during preparation), they forget that new products bring joy to their consumers. In most cases—with the exception of bad news, of course—the first and last thing you say to yourself before launching into your presentation should be, “Have fun.”3.Get your body moving.F）Many people are uncomfortable using expansive hand gestures. Don’t be. I spoke to David McNeill at the University of Chicago, who is known for his research into gesture and speech. He says that clear, confident speakers use hand gestures and that the gestures leave a positive impression on listeners. He went on to say that using gestures will help you speak better because for most of us it takes effort not to use gestures.G）Don’t be afraid of using your hands. AOL’s (TWX) Truveo.com is one of my favorite video search engines. I use it to retrieve clips of business speakers to study their body language. Symantec’s (SYMC) John Thompson, Oracle’s (ORCL)Larry Ellison, Cisco’s (CSCO)John Chambers, and eBay’s (EBAY) Meg Whitman are excellent examples of people with confident, energetic body language.4.Study TV and radio personalities.H）Stars of television and radio who score high on the likability scale have high-energy personalities. I had a conversation with Suze Orman over the phone a couple of years ago and remember it to this day. Her energy comes right through the speaker. What you see on her CNBC show is what you get behind the scenes. High energy. The other day I watched Food Network (SSP) star Rachael Ray sign books at a mall where I happened to be shopping.I）Sometimes critics poke fun at her “perky” personality and phrases like “yum-o,” but the fact is she has energy and millions of viewers enjoy it. The network morning-show hosts are typically chosen for their energetic personalities. Today’s Matt Lauer on NBC (GE) and The Early Show’s Julie Chen on CBS (CBS) are excellent examples, but there are many others on morning television. Remember, maintaining an energetic presence is very difficult to do unless you’re involved with something you enjoy. If you are truly passionate about your company, product, or service, then show it. Speak with energy and vitality. Your listeners will love you for it. 答案解析
Ingredients for HappinessA） No, happiness isn’t a lottery ticket away. I am fascinated by academic studies of human happiness, because they bring scientific rigor to issues we all struggle with. We think more money will make US happier and yet studies suggest Americans are no more satisfied than they were three decades ago, when the standard of living was much lower. So if winning the lottery won’t do the trick, what will? Here are seven key lessons from happiness research. It is indeed possible to boost our happiness—but it’ll take more than a fat wallet. ____1.What matters is what we focus on.B） Those with higher incomes aren’t necessarily happier. But when asked how satisfied they are with their lives, high earners are more likely to say they’re happy. Why? The question makes them ponder their position in society—and they realize they’re pretty lucky. The implication: If you have a hefty portfolio or hefty paycheck, you can probably bolster your happiness by regularly contemplating your good fortune. Meanwhile, if you are less well off, avoid situations where you feel deprived—and seek out those where comparisons are in your favor. Rather than buying the cheapest house in a wealthy neighborhood, settle for a town where people have similar salaries. When you think about your net worth, forget your well-heeled sister and focus on your cash-strapped brother.2.Don’t go it alone.C） Studies have found that married folks are happier than those who are single. “Marriage provides two sources of happiness, ” says Andrew Oswald, an economics professor at England’s Warwick University. “One is sex and the other is friendship. Marriage has one of the largest impacts on human well-being. ” Similarly, spending time with friends can boost happiness. Studies indicate that commuting is one of life’s least enjoyable activities, that looking after the kids is more of a struggle than we like to admit and that eating is one of life’s great pleasures. But all of these things can be enhanced by adding friends. Commuting with others will make the trip less grim, playing with the kids will be more fun if there’s another adult along and eating with others is better than eating alone.3.We like to feel secure.D） Midlife is a period of relative unhappiness. This dissatisfaction may stem from the lack of control felt by those in their 40s, as they juggle raising children and the demands of work. By contrast, employees in senior positions, retirees and those with good job security often report being happy. One explanation: They have greater control over their daily lives. “There’s a profound link between insecurities of all kinds and human well-being,”Prof. Oswald notes. “Supervisors are happier than those who are supervised. Job loss is an enormous negative and job security is an enormous plus to mental health. ”4.We enjoy making progress.E） Studies suggest we prefer leisure to work. But that doesn’t mean work is always a source of unhappiness. We like the feeling of performing a job competently and being in the flow of work. “There are definitely better and worse jobs, ” says David Schkade, a management professor at the University of California at San Diego. “If you’re in the flow more often, that’s going to be a better job. ”But Prof. Schkade says work’s real pleasure may come from the sense of accomplishment we feel afterward. “We know progress makes people feel good.” he says. “You should design a life where you have that feeling of progress. ”Work also has the benefit of making leisure seem sweeter, Prof. Schkade adds. This may be the reason seniors who set out solely to relax and have fun are often disappointed by their retirement.5.We adapt to improvements.F） In pursuit of progress, we strive for faster cars, fatter paychecks and winning lottery tickets. Yet, when we get what we are after, we quickly become dissatisfied and soon we’re lusting after something else. Academics refer to this as the “hedonic treadmill” Or “hedonic adaptation. ”We may, however, be able to slow the process of adaptation. If we go out and celebrate our recent promotion, we will hang onto the good feelings for a little longer. If we bought a house last year, we may recover some of the initial thrill by pausing to admire our new home.G） We should also think about how we spend our money. It seems we get more lasting happiness from experiences than goods. If we buy a new car, it will eventually go from being our pride and joy to being a scruffy set of wheels with an irritating rattle. But if we spend our money on meals with Mends or vacations with family, we will be left with fond memories that may grow even fonder with time.6.We also adapt to setbacks.H） While adaptation can work against us when good things happen, it saves us from misery when bad times strike. If a close friend dies, we imagine we will never laugh again. But adaptation tides to the rescue. Oddly enough, it seems we adjust more quickly if a setback is large or irreversible. If we become disabled, we will likely adapt with surprising speed. If our spouse is a slob, we may never get used to it. One reason: We figure there’s still a chance our spouse will change his or her slovenly ways.7.We enjoy behaving virtuously.I） If we volunteer, give to charity or behave politely, we usually feel pretty good. Pure altruism(利他主义)?It may, instead, be our ancient instincts kicking in. Good behavior paid big dividends in ancient societies, notes Boston money manager Terry Burnham, co-author of “Mean Genes. ” “Virtue is built into us because virtue was rewarded, ” he argues. “In small-scare societies, where you are well known, there are rewards for being a good citizen and severe punishments for being a rule breaker.” Still, whatever our true motivation, behaving virtuously is almost always a good thing—and it will likely make us happier. 答案解析
E1 Nino is the name given to the mysterious and often unpredictable change in the climate of the world. This strange1happens every five to eight years. It starts in the Pacific ocean and is thought to be caused by a failure in the trade winds(信风),which affects the ocean currents driven by these winds. As the wade winds lessen in2,the ocean temperatures rise,causing the Peru current flowing in from the east to warm up by as much as 5℃.　　The warming of the ocean has far-reaching effects. The hot,humid(潮湿的)air over the ocean causes severe3thunderstorms. The rainfall is increased across South America,4floods to Peru. In the West Pacific,there are droughts affecting　Australia and Indonesia. So while some parts of the world prepare for heavy rains、and　floods,other parts face drought,poor crops and5.　　E1 Nino usually lasts for about 18 months. The 1982-83 E1 Nino brought the most6weather in modem history. Its effect was worldwide and it left more than2,000 people dead and caused over eight billion pounds7of damage. The 1990 E1 Nino lasted until June 1995. Scientists8this to be the longest El Nino for 2, 000 years.　　Nowadays, weather experts are able to forecast when an E1 Nino will9,but they are still not10sure what leads to it or what affects how strong it will be.A. estimateB. strengthC. delibratelyD. notifyE. tropicalF.phenomenonG.stableH.attractionI. completelyJ. destructiveK. bringingL. starvationM.exhasutionN. worthO. strike 答案解析
The EarthPower and LightA）Compared to the rest of the universe, the Earth is very small. Our planet and seven others orbit the Sun, which is only one of about 200 billion stars in our galaxy. Our galaxy, the Milky Way, is part of the universe, which includes millions of other galaxies and their stars and planets. By comparison, the Earth is microscopic. Compared to a person, on the other hand, the Earth is enormous. It has a diameter of 7,926 miles (12,756 kilometers) at the equator, and it has a mass of about 6 × 1024 kilograms. The Earth orbits the Sun at a speed of about 66,638 miles per hour (29.79 kilometers per second). Don’t dwell on those numbers too long, though; to a lot of people, the Earth is inconceivably, mind-bogglingly big. And it’s just a fraction of the size of the Sun. From our perspective on Earth, the Sun looks very small. This is because it’s about 93 million miles away from us. The Sun’s diameter at its equator is about 100 times bigger than Earth’s, and about a million Earths could fit inside the Sun. The Sun is inconceivably, mind-bogglingly bigger. But without the Sun, the Earth could not exist. In a sense, the Earth is a giant machine, full of moving parts and complex systems. All those systems need power, and that power comes from the Sun.B）The Sun is an enormous nuclear power source—through complex reactions, it transforms hydrogen into helium, releasing light and heat. Because of these reactions, every square meter of our planet’s surface gets about 342 Watts of energy from the Sun every year. This is about 1.7×1017 Watts total, or as much as 1.7 billion large power plants could generate. You can learn about how the Sun creates energy in How the Sun Works. When this energy reaches the Earth, it provides power for a variety of reactions, cycles and systems. It drives the circulation of the atmosphere and the oceans. It makes food for plants, which many people and animals eat. Life on Earth could not exist without the Sun, and the planet itself would not have developed without it. To a casual observer, the Sun’s most visible contributions to life are light, heat and weather.Night and DayC）Some of the Sun’s biggest impacts on our planet are also its most obvious. As the Earth spins on its axis, parts of the planet are in the Sun while others are in the shade. In other words, the Sun appears to rise and set. The parts of the world that are in daylight get warmer while the parts that are dark gradually lose the heat they absorbed during the day. You can get a sense of how much the Sun affects the Earth’s temperature by standing outside on a partly cloudy day. When the Sun is behind a cloud, you feel noticeably cooler than when it isn’t. The surface of our planet absorbs this heat from the Sun and emits it the same way that pavement continues to give off heat in the summer after the Sun goes down. Our atmosphere does the same thing--it absorbs the heat that the ground emits and sends some of it back to the Earth. The Earth’s relationship with the Sun also creates, seasons.D）The Earth’s axis tips a little—about 23.5 degrees. One hemisphere points toward the Sun as the other points away. The hemisphere that points toward the Sun is warmer and gets more light--it’s summer there, and in the other hemisphere it’s winter. This effect is less dramatic near the equator than at the poles, since the equator receives about the same amount of sunlight all year. The poles, on the other hand, receive no sunlight at all during their winter months, which is part of the reason why they’re frozen. Most people are so used to the differences between night and day (or summer and winter) that they take them for granted. But these changes in light and temperature have an enormous impact on other systems on our planet. One is the circulation of air through our atmosphere. For example:E）The Sun shines brightly over the equator. The air gets very warm because the equator faces the Sun directly and because the ozone layer is thinner there. As the air warms, it begins to rise, creating a low pressure system. The higher it rises, the more the air cools. Water condenses as the air cools, creating clouds and rainfall. The air dries out as the rain falls. The result is warm, dry air, relatively high in our atmosphere. Because of the lower air pressure, air rashes toward the equator from the north and south. As it warms, it rises, pushing the dry air away to the north and the south.F）The dry air sinks as it cools, creating high-pressure areas and deserts to the north and south of the equator. This is just one piece of how the Sun circulates air around the world—ocean currents, weather patterns and other factors also play a part. But in general, air moves from high-pressure to low-pressure areas, much the way that high-pressure air rashes from the mouth of an inflated balloon when you let go. Heat also generally moves from the warmer equator to the cooler poles. Imagine a warm drink sitting on your desk--the air around the drink gets warmer as the drink gets colder. This happens on Earth on an enormous scale.G）The Coriolis Effect, a product of the Earth’s rotation, affects this system as well. It causes large weather systems, like hurricanes, to rotate. It helps create westward-running trade winds near the equator and eastward-running jet streams in the northern and southern hemispheres. These wind patterns move moisture and air from one place to another, creating weather patterns. (The Coriolis Effect works on a large scale—it doesn’t really affect the water draining from the sink like some people suppose.).The Sun gets much of the credit for creating both wind and rain. When the Sun warms air in a specific location, that air rises, creating an area of low pressure. More air rushes in from surrounding areas to fill the void, creating wind. Without the Sun, there wouldn’t be wind. There also might not be breathable air at all.Water and FireH）The Sun has a huge effect on our water. It warms the oceans around the tropics, and its absence cools the water around the poles. Because of this, ocean currents move large amounts of warm and cold water, drastically affecting the weather and climate around the world. The Sun also drives the water cycle, which moves about 18,757 cubic miles (495,000 cubic kilometers) of water vapor through the atmosphere every year.I）If you’ve ever gotten out of a swimming pool on a hot day and realized a few minutes later that you were dry again, you have firsthand experience with evaporation. If you’ve seen water form on the side of a cold drink, you’ve seen condensation in action. These are primary components of the water cycle, also called the hydrologic cycle, which exchanges moisture between bodies of water and land masses. The water cycle is responsible for clouds and rain as well as our supply of drinking water. 答案解析
Does contagious yawning mean you’re nice?A）You’re in a conversation with another person and he casually yawns. As you wonder whether he’s bored with the discussion, you find that you’re yawning, too. A man walking by, sees you yawn, and pretty soon he yawns. It’s carried on and on, passing from one person to another in a domino effect. Science is still investigating exactly what makes us yawn, but it’s a well-known and little-studied fact: Yawning is contagious.B）We know that much of yawning is due to suggestibility—it’s infectious. You don’t need to actually see a person yawn to involuntarily yawn yourself; hearing someone yawn or even reading about yawning can cause the same reaction. Chances are you’ll yawn at least once while reading this article. But contagious yawning goes beyond mere suggestibility. Recent studies show that the phenomenon is also related to our predisposition toward empathy—the ability to understand and connect with others’ emotional states. It sounds strange, but whether or not you’re susceptible to contagious yawning may actually be related to how much empathy you feel for others.C）Empathy is an important part of cognitive development. We learn from an early age to value ourselves based on the amount and type of empathy our parents display, and developmental psychologists have found that people who weren’t shown empathy by their parents struggle later on in life. A lack of early empathy has been shown to lead to the development of sociopathic behavior in adults. So empathy is important, sure, but how could it possibly be related to contagious yawning? Leave it up to psychologists at Leeds University in England to answer that. In their study, researchers selected 40 psychology students and 40 engineering students. Each student was made to wait individually in a waiting room, along with an undercover assistant who yawned 10 times in as many minutes. The students were then administered an emotional quotient test: Students were shown 40 images of eyes and asked what emotion each one displayed.D）The results of the test support the idea that contagious yawning is linked to empathy. The psychology students—whose future profession requires them to focus on others—yawned contagiously an average of 5.5 times in the waiting room and scored 28 out of 40 on the emotional test. The engineering students—who tend to focus on things like numbers and systems—yawned an average of 1.5 times and scored 25.5 out of 40 on the following test. The difference doesn’t sound like much, but researchers consider it significant. Strangely, women, who are generally considered more emotionally attuned, didn’t score any higher than men.E）These findings support what neurologists found through brain imaging: Contagious yawning is associated with the same parts of the brain that deal with empathy. These regions, the precuneus and posterior temporal gyms, are located in the back of the brain. And although the link between contagious yawning and empathy has been established, explanations for the link are still being investigated. Researchers are looking into the world of development disorders and at higher primates for answers to this riddle.Primate Yawning, Autism and Contagious YawningF）Yawning may serve a number of functions, and these functions might be different for different animals. Humans aren’t the only animals that yawn—even fish do. But only humans and chimpanzees, our closest relative in the animal kingdom, have shown definite contagious yawning. One study, conducted in Kyoto, Japan, observed six chimps in captivity. Chimps were shown videos of other chimps yawning, along with chimps that opened their mouths but did not yawn. Of the six, two chimps yawned contagiously a number of times. Even more interesting, like their human counterparts under age 5, the three chimp infants showed no susceptibility to contagious yawning. This may be related to the fact that empathy is taught and learned. If contagious yawning is the result of empathy, then contagious yawning wouldn’t exist until the ability to empathize was learned. But what if empathy is never developed? Another study, led by cognitive researcher Atsushi Senju, sought to answer that question.G）People with autism spectrum disorder are considered to be developmentally impaired emotionally. Autistics have trouble connecting with others and find it difficult to feel empathy. Since autistics have difficulty feeling empathy, then they shouldn’t be susceptible to contagious yawning. To find out, Senju and his colleagues placed 48 kids aged 7 to 15 in a room with a television. Twenty-four of the test subjects had been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder, the other half were non-autistic kids. Like the Kyoto chimp study, the test subjects were shown short clips of people yawning as well as clips of people opening their mouths but not yawning. While the kids with autism had the same lack of reaction to both kinds of clips, the non-autistic kids yawned more after the clips of people yawning. But there could be another interpretation to Senju’s findings. Autistics tend to focus on the mouths of people with whom they interact. But contagious yawning is thought to be cued-not by movements in the mouth area—but by changes to the area around the yawning person’s eyes. This could explain why autistics are less susceptible to contagious yawning—perhaps they’re just missing the cues.H）However, that notion is undermined by another study. Conducted by researchers at Yale University, this study examined the reactions of autistic adults while they watched emotionally charged scenes from the movie, “Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?” Researchers found that those autistics who watched the eyes of the characters didn’t register any more emotional reaction than those who focused on the mouth. This indicates that contagious yawning amounts to more than just cues; the autistics who watched the eyes received little information from the cues they found there.I）It’s become pretty clear that contagious yawning is linked to empathy. But why? Perhaps the best explanation for why we yawn, as well as why yawning is contagious, can be found around the watering hole on the savannah tens of thousands of years ago. Some scientists believe that yawning is an involuntary response to a stressful situation: When we yawn, we increase the blood flow to the brain, thus making us more alert. Contagious yawning may be a method of quiet communication by which our ancestors spread the word that a hungry lion was nearby. Fear is an emotion with which we can empathize, and yawning may serve as a cue by which we spread that fear. 答案解析
期货合约的要素包括( )。Ⅰ.期货品种Ⅱ.交易单位Ⅲ.最小变动单位Ⅳ.最后交易日答案解析
An investigator into the drug overdose (服药过量) death of Marilyn Monroe(马丽莲·梦露) 43 years ago Friday still is not convinced she killed herself. John W. Miner, who investigated Monroe’s death as a Los Angeles County prosecutor, claims Monroe’s psychologist, Dr. Ralph Greenson, played him secret audiotapes made by the star during one of her therapy sessions1before her death. A key2of the alleged(所谓的) tapes, according to Miner, is that Monroe was not3 and was actively planning to become a serious Shakespearean actress. Miner says he took careful, handwritten notes of the tapes and later produced a near-exact transcript. There is no4Miner’s claims are true, since Dr. Greenson is now dead and no one else claims to have heard the tape.　　“You are the only person who will ever know the most5thoughts of Marilyn Monroe,” she allegedly told her doctor. In Miner’s transcript, Monroe discussed her plans to6Shakespeare. “No7person could possibly think that the person who made those tapes killed herself,” Miner said. She also may have recorded her feelings about having to8off her romance(罗曼史) with Robert Kennedy. “There is no room in my life for him,” she allegedly said. “I guess I don’t have the9to face up to it and hurt him. I want someone else to tell him it’s over. I tried to get the President to do it, but I couldn’t10him.”A. proofB. reasonableC. postponeD. secretE. boldF. breakG. optimisticH. shortlyI. revelationJ. pursueK. constantlyL.courageM.despressedN. assignmentO. reach 答案解析
When Roberto Feliz came to the USA from the Dominican Republic, he knew only a few words of English. Education soon became a1. “I couldn’t understand anything” he said. He2from his teachers, came home in tears, and thought about dropping out.　　Then Mrs. Malave, a bilingual educator, began to work with him while teaching him math and science in his3Spanish. “She helped me stay smart while teaching me English.” he said. Given the chance to demonstrate his ability, he4confidence and began to succeed in school.　　Today, he is a5doctor, runs his own clinic, and works with several hospitals. Every day, he uses the language and academic skills he6through bilingual education to treat his patients.　　Roberto’s story is just one of7Success stories. Research has shown that bilingual education is the most8way both to teach children English and ensure that they succeed academically. In Arizona and Texas, bilingual students9boatperson their peers in monolingual programs. Calexico, Calif, implemented bilingual education. and now has dropout rates that are less than half the state average and college10rates of more than 90％. In El Paso, bilingual education programs have helped raise student scores from the lowest in Texas to among the highest in the nation.A. wonderB. acquiredC. consitentlyD. regainedE. nightmareF. nativeG. acceptanceH. effectiveI. hidJ. prominentK. decentL. countlessM. recalledN. breakthroughO. automatically 答案解析
There’s no question that the Earth is getting hotter. The real questions are: How much of the warming is our fault, and are we1to slow the devastation by controlling our insatiable2for fossil fuels?　　Global warming can seem too3to worry about, or too uncertain-some- thing projected by the same computer4that often can’t get next week’s weather right. On a raw winter day you might think that a few degrees of warming wouldn’t be such a bad thing anyway. And no doubt about it: Warnings about5change can sound like an environmentalist scare tactic, meant to force us out of our cars and restrict our lifestyles.　　Comforting thoughts, perhaps. Unfortunately, however, the Earth has some discomforting news.　　From Alaska to the snowy peaks of the Andes the world is heating up right now, and fast Globally, the6is up I~F over the past century, but some of the coldest, most remote spins have warmed much more. The results aren’t pretty. Ice is7, rivers are running dry, and coasts are8threatening communities.　　The9are happening largely out of sight. But they shouldn’t be out of mind, because they are omens of what’s in store for the10of the planet.A. remoteB. techniquesC. consistingD. restE. willingF. climateG. skillH. appetiteI. meltingJ. vanishingK.erodingL. temperatureM. curiosityN.changesO. skillful 答案解析
Keep Our Seas Clean By the year 2050 it is estimated that the world’s population could have increased to around l2 billion. Of these, some 60 percent will live within 60 km of the sea. The agricultural and industrial activities required to support this population will increase the already significant pressures on fertile coastal areas. Death and disease caused by polluted coastal waters costs the global economy US$12. 8 billion a year. Plastic waste kills up to l million sea birds. 100. 000 sea mammals and countless fish each year.Pollution & the sea-like oil and waterA） One significant impact of human activity is marine pollution. The most visible and familiar is oil pollution caused by tanker accidents and tank washing at sea, and in addition to the gross visible short-term impacts, severe long-term problems can also result. In the case of the Exxon Valdez which ran onto a shore in Alaska in 1989. Biological impacts from the oil spill can still be identified l5 years after the event. The Prestige which sank off the Spanish coast late in 2002, resulted in huge economic losses as it polluted more than l00 beaches in France and Spain and effectively destroyed the local fishing industry.B） Despite the scale and visibility of such impacts, the total quantities of pollutants entering the sea from the long line of catastrophic oil spills appeared small compared with those of pollutants introduced directly and indirectly from other sources(including domestic sewage, industrial discharges, leakages from waste tips, urban and industrial ran-off, accidents, spillages, explosions, sea dumping operations, oil production, mining, agriculture nutrients and pesticides, waste heat sources, and radioactive discharges). Land based sources are estimated to account for around 44 percent of the pollutants entering the sea and atmospheric inputs account for an estimated 33 percent. By contrast, transport on the sea accounts for l2 percent.Dawn of the dead:Creeping dead zonesC） The impacts of pollution vary. Nutrient pollution from sewage discharges and agriculture can result in unsightly and possibly dangerous “blooms” of algae(藻类)in coastal waters. As these blooms die and decay they use up the oxygen in the water. This has led, in some areas, to “creeping dead zones” (CDZ), where oxygen dissolved in the water falls to levels unable to sustain marine life. Industrial pollution also contributes to these dead zones.Gone fission(裂变)D） Radioactive(放射性的)pollution has many causes, including the normal operation of nuclear power stations, but by far the single biggest sources of man-made radioactive elements in the sea are the nuclear fuel reprocessing plants at La Hague in France and at Sellafield in the UK. Waste released from them has resulted in the widespread pollution of living marine resources over a wide area; radioactive elements traceable to reprocessing can be found in seaweeds as far away as the West Greenland Coast.Heavy MetalE） Trace metal pollution from metal mining, production and processing industries can damage the health of marine plants and animals and render some seafoods unfit for human consumption. The contribution of human activities can be very significant：the amount of mercury introduced to the environment by industrial activities is around four times the amount released through natural processes such as weathering and erosion(腐蚀). The input of man-made chemicals to the oceans potentially involves an overwhelming number of different substances. 63, 000 different chemicals are thought to be in use worldwide with 3, 000 accounting for 90 percent of the total production amount. Each year, anywhere up to1,000 new synthetic chemicals may be brought onto the market. Of all these chemicals some 4,500 fall into the most serious category. These are known as persistent organic pollutants(POPs). They’re resistant to breakdown and have the potential to accumulate in the tissues of living organisms (all marine life), causing hormone disruption which can, in turn, cause reproductive problems, induce cancer, suppress the immune system and interfere with normal mental development in children.F） POPs can also be transported long distances in the atmosphere and deposited in cold regions. As a result, Inuit populations who live in the Arctic a long distance from the sources of these pollutants are among the most severely influenced people on the planet, since they rely on fat-rich marine food sources such as fish and seals. POPs are also thought to be responsible for some polar bear populations failing to reproduce normally.Are you eating fish ‘n’ POPs tonight?G） Scarily, seafoods consumed by people living in warm and mild regions are also affected by POPs. Oily fish tend to accumulate POPs in their bodies and these can be passed to human consumers. When oily fish are rendered down into fish meal and fish oils and subsequently used to feed other animals, then this too can act as a pathway to humans. Farmed fish and shellfish, dairy cattle, poultry and pigs are all fed fish meal in certain countries, and so meat and dairy products as well as fanned and wild fish can act as further sources of these chemicals to humans.Pollution Superhighway—North and Baltic SeasH） The Noah and Baltic Seas also contain some of the world’s busiest shipping lanes. 200, 000 ships cross the North Sea every year. Many goods transported by ships are hazardous(half the goods carded at sea can be described as dangerous)and loss of dangerous cargoes can result in damage to the marine environment. Chemical tank washings, discharge of oily wastes and wash waters are all significant sources of marine pollution. In addition there is always the risk of a major oil spill, a risk made worse by the fact that some of the tankers that routinely travel through still have only one body-frame or have other technical defects and crews who are poorly educated. In November 2002, the Prestige oil tanker went down off the coast of Spain with70, 000 tons of oil on board which polluted 2,890 km of coastline. A few days earlier it had been crossing the Baltic.SolutionsI） Some sources of pollution have been brought under control by international legislation. Countries which signed the London Convention have agreed to stop the dumping of radioactive and industrial waste at sea. The OSPAR Convention regulates marine pollution in the North East Atlantic Region while countries which signed the Stockholm Convention have committed themselves to the phase out of a number of persistent organic pollutants. Within the European Community, the Water Framework Directive may be expected to bring further reductions in polluting inputs, although it will be over a very long time frame. The additional benefit of the new EU REACH(Registration Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals) initiative, which aims to regulate the production and use of dangerous chemicals at source, remains to be seen. 答案解析