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1.[单选题]What is the author’s overall attitude toward fridges?

A.Neutral.

B.Critical.

C.Objective.

D.Compromising.

2.[单选题]Which of the following phrases in the fifth paragraph indicates the fridge’s negative effect on the environment?

A.“Hum away continuously”.

B.Climatically almost unnecessary”.

C.“Artificially-cooled space”.

D.“With mild temperatures”.

3.[单选题]Why does the author say that nothing was wasted before the invention of fridges?

A.People would not buy more food than was necessary.

B.Food was delivered to people two or three times a week.

C.Food was sold fresh and did not get rotten easily.

D.People had effective ways to preserve their food.

4.[单选题]The statement "In my fridgeless fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthily." suggests that______.

A.the author was well-fed and healthy even without a fridge in his fifties.

B.the author was not accustomed to fridges even in his fifties.

C.there was no fridge in the author’s home in the 1950s.

D.the fridge was in its early stage of development in the 1950s.

5.[单选题]Who benefited the least from fridges according to the author?

A.Inventors.

B.Consumers.

C.Manufacturers.

D.Travelling salesmen.

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style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/B) Why are standards of beauty being imposed on women, the majority of whom are naturally larger and more mature than any of the models? The roots, some analysts say, are economic. By presenting an ideal difficult to achieve and maintain, the cosmetic and diet product industries are assured of growth and profits. And it' s no accident that youth is increasingly promoted, along with thinness, as an essential criterion of beauty. If not all women need to lose weight, for sure they're all aging, says the Quebec Action Network for Women's Health in its 2001 report.And, according to the industry, age is a disaster that needs to be dealt with.
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/C) The stakes are huge. On the one hand,women who are insecure about their bodies are more likely to buy beauty products, new clothes, and diet aids. It is estimated that the diet industry alone is worth anywhere between 40 to 100 billion (U.S.) a year selling temporary weight loss (90% to 95% of dieters regain the lost weight). On the other hand, research indicates that exposure to images of thin, young,air-brushed female bodies is linked to depression, loss of self-esteem and the development of unhealthy eating habits in women and girls.
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/D) The American research group Anorexia Nervosa & Related Eating Disorders, Inc. says that one out of every four college-aged women uses unhealthy methods of weight control--including fasting,skipping meals, excessive exercise, laxative ( 泻药) abuse, and self-induced vomiting. The pressure to be thin is also affecting young girls:the Canadian Women's Health Network warns that weight control measures are now being taken by girls as young as 5 and 6. American stat is-tics are similar.Several studies, such as one conducted by Marika Tiggemann and Levina Clark in 2006 titled" Appearance Culture in 9-to-12-Year-Old Girls: Media and Peer Influences on Body Dissatisfaction," indicate that nearly half of all preadolescent girls wish to be thinner, and as a result have engaged in a diet or are aware of the concept of dieting. In 2003, Teen magazine reported that 35 percent of girls 6 to 12 years old have been on at least one diet, and that 50 to 70percent of normal weight girls believe they are overweight. Overall research indicates that 90%of women are dissatisfied with their appearance in some way. Media activist Jean Kilbourne concludes that, "Women are sold tothe diet industry by the magazines we read and the televise on programs we watch, almost all of which make us feel anxious about our weight."
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/E) Perhaps the most disturbing is the factthat media images of female beauty are unattainable for all but a very small number of women. Researchers generating a computer model of a woman with Barbie-doll proportions, for example, found that her back would be too weak to support the weight of her upper body, and her body would be too narrow to contain more than half aliver and a few centimeters of bowel. A real woman built that way would suffer from chronic diarrhea(慢性腹泻)and eventually die from malnutrition. Jill Barad, President of Mattel (which manufactures Barbie), estimated that 99% of girls aged 3 to 10years old own at least one Barbie doll. Still, the number of real life women and girls who seek a similarly underweight body is epidemic, and they can suffer equally devastating health consequences. In 2006 it was estimated that up to 450,000 Canadian women were affected by an eating disorder.
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/F) Researchers report that women's magazines have ten and one-half times more ads and articles promoting weight loss than men's magazines do, and over three-quarters of the covers of women's magazines include at least one message about how to change a woman's bodily appearance-by diet, exercise or cosmetic surgery. Television and movies reinforce the importance of a thin body as a measure of a woman' s worth.Canadian researcher Gregory Fouts reports that over three-quarters of the female characters in TV situation comedies are underweight, and only one in twenty are above average in size. Heavier actresses tend to receive negative comments from male characters about their bodies ("How about wearing a sack?), and 80 percent of these negative comments are followed by canned audience laughter.
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/G) There have been efforts in the magazine industry to buck (抵制,反抗)the trend. For several years the Quebec magazine Coup de Pouce has consistently included full-sized women in their fashion pages and Chatelaine has pledged not to touch up photos and not to include models less than 25 years of age. In Madrid, one of the world's biggest fashion capitals, ultra-thin models were banned from the runway in 2006. Furthermore Spain has recently undergone a project with the aim to standardize clothing sizes through using a unique process in which a laser beam is used to measure real life women' s bodies in order to find the most true to life measurement.
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/H) Another issue is the representation of ethnically diverse women in the media. A 2008 study conducted by Juanita Covertand Travis Dixon titled "A Changing View: Representation and Effects of the Portrayal of Women of Color in Mainstream Women's Magazines" found that although there was an increase in the representation of women of color,overall white women were over represented in mainstream women' s magazines from 1999 to 2004.
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/I) The barrage of messages about thinness,dieting and beauty tells "ordinary" women that they are always in need of adjustment--and that the female body is an object to be perfected. Jean Kilbourne argues that the overwhelming presence of media images of painfully thin women means that real women's bodies have become invisible in the mass media. The real tragedy, Kilbourne concludes, is that many women internalize these stereotypes, and judge themselves by the beauty industry's standards.Women learn to compare themselves to other women, and to compete with them for male attention. This focus on beauty and desirability "effectively destroys any awareness and action that might help to change that climate."

1.[选词填空]For 6 years white women had been taking more space in mainstream women' s magazines.

2.[选词填空]A real woman with Barbie-doll proportions would eventually die from malnutrition.

3.[选词填空]The mass media has helped the development of cosmetic and diet industries.

4.[选词填空]Some film and television actresses even faint on the scene due to eating too little.

5.[选词填空]Too much concern with appearance makes it difficult to change such abnormal trend.

6.[选词填空]Unhealthy eating habits in females are related to their being exposed to images of thin and young female bodies.

7.[选词填空]In 2003, Teen magazine reported that 35 percent of girls 6 to 12 years old are on a diet, and more than 50% of them think they should lose weight.

8.[选词填空]According to some analysts, economic profits is the fundamental reason of imposing standards of beauty on women.

9.[选词填空]The Quebec magazine Coup de Pouce opposes the trend by including full-sized women in their fashion pages for several years.

10.[选词填空]At least one message about the methods of changing bodily appearance on more than three-quarters of the covers of women's magazines.

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style=text-align: justify; style=text-align: justify; style=text-align: justify; style=text-align: justify; style=text-align: justify; style=text-align: justify; style=text-align: justify;B. additional
C. duration
D. effective
E. shed
F. physical style=text-align: justify;H. functions
I. participated
J. rely
K. cut
L. repeatedly style=text-align: justify;N. little
O. obvious

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    I exercise all the time, but I still have gut fat that hangs over my belt when I sit. Why isn't all the exercise getting rid of it?
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/It's a question many of us could ask. More than 45 million Americans now belong to a health club. We spend some $19 billion a year on gym memberships. Of course, some people join and never go.Still, as one major study -- the Minnesota Heart Survey -- found, more of us at least say we exercise regularly.
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/    And yet obesity (肥胖) figures have risen sharply in the same period: a third of Americans are obese, and another third count as overweight by the Federal Government's definition. Yes, it's entirely possible that those of us who regularly go to the gym would weigh even more if we exercised less. But like many other people, I get hungry after I exercise, so I often eat more on the days I work out than on the days I don't.Could exercise actually be keeping me from losing weight?
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/    The popular belief that exercise is essential for weight control is actually fairly new. As recently as the 1960s,doctors routinely advised against too much exercise, particularly for older adults who could injure themselves. Today doctors encourage even their oldest patients to exercise, which is sound advice for many reasons: People who regularly exercise are at significantly lower risk for all manner of diseases-- those of the heart in particular. But the past few years of obesity research show that the role of exercise in weight loss has been wildly over-evaluated. 
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/    "In general, for weight loss, exercise is pretty useless," says Eric Ravussin,exercise researcher at Louisiana State University. Many recent studies have found that exercise isn't as important in helping people lose weight as you hear so regularly in gym advertisements or from magazines.
style=color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);/The basic problem is that while it's true that exercise bums calories and that you must burn calories to lose weight,exercise has another effect: it can make one hungry. That causes us to eat more,which in turn can negate (使无效) the weight-loss benefits we just gained. Exercise, in other words,isn't necessarily helping us lose weight. It may even be making it harder.

1.[单选题]What is the passage mainly about?

A.The benefits that older adults can get from exercises.

B.The relationship between exercises and weight loss.

C.The role that exercises play in American's life.

D.The popularity of obesity in today's America.

2.[单选题]What can we learn from the second paragraph?

A.Some Americans join a health club but never go there.

B.People tend to lie about the time they spend on exercise.

C.More than 45 million Americans now go to the gym regularly.

D.Americans waste too much money each year on sports.

3.[单选题]Why do today's doctors change their attitude toward exercise?

A.Exercise can build up good figures for people.

B.Exercise has great effect on weight loss.

C.Exercise may injure older people in particular.

D.Exercise can lower the risk of many diseases.

4.[单选题]People might gain weight when doing exercises because________

A.they have the habit of going to the gym regularly

B.they eat the same food when they do not exercise

C.they exercise less than required by doctors

D.they eat much more after doing exercises

5.[单选题]According to the past few years of obesity research, exercise________

A.has long been believed to be good for older adults

B.is properly not an effective way to lose weight

C.was recognized as a way to lose weight in the 1960s

D.is not effective in preventing heart disease

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