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style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px;/Directions: style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px;/  Contrary to popular belief, older people generally do not want to live with their children. Moreover, most adult children style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px;/  About 80% of people 65 years and older have living children, and about 90% of them have style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px;/  However, style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px;/  Increasingly, researchers have begun to look at the quality of relationships, rather than at the frequency of contact, between the elderly and their children. If parents and children share interests and values and agree on childrearing practices and religiousA) abandonedB) advancedC) biasedD) chancesE) commitmentF) dampensG) dependentH) distantI) frequentJ) fulfillmentK) grantL) merelyM) provideN) understandably0) unrealistically

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Space is a dangerous place, not only because of meteors(流星) but also because of rays from the sun and other stars. The atmosphere again acts 1our protective blanket on earth. Light gets through, and this is essential for plants to make the food which we 2. Heat, too, makes our environments tolerable and some ultraviolet rays(紫外线的) penetrate the 3. Cosmic(宇宙的) rays of various kinds come 4the air from outer space, but enormous quantities of radiation from the sun are screened off. As soon as men leave the atmosphere they are exposed to this radiation; 5their spacesuits or the walls of their spacecraft, if they are inside, 6prevent a lot of radiation damage. Radiation is the greatest known danger to explorers in 7. Doses of radiation are measured in units called “reins (雷目)”. We all 8 radiation here on earth from the sun, from cosmic rays and from radioactive minerals. The “normal” dose of radiation that we-receive each year is about two milligrams; it 9according to where you live, and this is a very rough estimate. Scientists have reason to think that a man can put up with far more radiation 10without being damaged; the figure of 60reins has been agreed.A. withB. asC. atmosphereD. spaceE. shiftF. eatG. earthH. thanI. butJ. variesK. recieveL. doM. convertsN. useO. through

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data-filtered=filtered style=box-sizing: border-box;/Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.    It’s time to reevaluate how women handle conflict at work. Being overworked or over-committed at home and on the job will not get you where you want to be in life. It will only slow you down and hinder your career goals.
data-filtered=filtered style=box-sizing: border-box;/    Did you know women are more likely than men to feel exhausted? Nearly twice as many women than men ages 18-44 reported feeling “very tired” or “exhausted”, according to a recent study.
data-filtered=filtered style=box-sizing: border-box;/    This may not be surprising given that this is the age range when women have children. It’s also the age range when many women are trying to balance careers and home. One reason women may feel exhausted is that they have a hard time saying “no.” Women want to be able to do it all—volunteer for school parties or cook delicious meals—and so their answer to any request is often “Yes, I can.”
data-filtered=filtered style=box-sizing: border-box;/    Women struggle to say “no” in the workplace for similar reasons, including the desire to be liked by their colleagues. Unfortunately, this inability to say “no” may be hurting women’s health as well as their career.
data-filtered=filtered style=box-sizing: border-box;/    At the workplace, men use conflict as a way to position themselves, while women often avoid conflict or strive to be the peacemaker, because they don’t want to be viewed as aggressive or disruptive at work. For example, there’s a problem that needs to be addressed immediately, resulting in a dispute over who should be the one to fix it. Men are more likely to face that dispute from the perspective of what benefits them most, whereas women may approach the same dispute from the perspective of what’s the easiest and quickest way to resolve the problem—even if that means doing the boring work themselves.
data-filtered=filtered style=box-sizing: border-box;/    This difference in handling conflict could be the deciding factor on who gets promoted to a leadership position and who does not. Leaders have to be able to delegate and manage resources wisely—including staff expertise. Shouldering more of the workload may not earn you that promotion. Instead, it may highlight you inability to delegate effectively.

1.[单选题]Why do working women of child-bearing age tend to feel drained of energy?

A.They struggle to satisfy the demands of both work and home.

B.They are too devoted to work and unable to relax as a result.

C.They do their best to cooperate with their workmates.

D.They are obliged to take up too many responsibilities.

2.[单选题]Men and women differ in their approach to resolving workplace conflicts in that________

A.women tend to be easily satisfied

B.men tend to put their personal interests first

C.men tend to put their personal interests first

D.women are much more ready to compromise

3.[单选题]What does the author say is the problem with women?

A.They are often unclear about the career goals to reach.

B.They are usually more committed at home than on the job.

C.They tend to be over-optimistic about how far they could go.

D.They tend to push themselves beyond the limits of their ability.

4.[单选题]What is important to a good leader?

A.A dominant personality.                  

B.The ability to delegate.      

C.The courage to admit failure.

D.A strong sense of responsibility.

5.[单选题]What may hinder the future prospects of career women?

A.Their unwillingness to say “no”.

B.Their desire to be considered powerful.

C.An underestimate of their own ability.

D.A lack of courage to face challenges.

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data-filtered=filtered style=box-sizing: border-box;/Directions Do In-class Exams Make Students Study Harder? Research suggests they may study more broadly for the unexpected rather than search for answers. [A] I have always been a poor test-taker. So it may seem rather strange that I have returned to college to finish the degree I left undone some four decades ago .I am making my way through Columbia University, surrounded by students who quickly supply the verbal answer while I am still processing the question. [B] Since there is no way for me to avoid exams, I am currently questioning what kind are the most taxing and ultimately beneficial. I have already sweated through numerous in-class midterms and finals, and now I have a professor who issues take-home ones. I was excited when I learned this, figuring I had a full week to do the research, read the texts, and write it all up. In fact, I was still rewriting my midterm the morning it was due. To say I had lost the thread is putting it mildly. [C] As I was suffering through my week of anxiety, overthinking the material and guessing my grasp of it, I did some of my own polling among students and professors, David Eisenbach, who teachers a popular class on U.S. presidents at Columbia, prefers the in-class variety. He believes students ultimately learn more and encourages them to form study groups. “That way they socialize over history outside the class, which wouldn’t happen without the pressure of an in-class exam,” he explained. “Furthermore, in-class exams force students to learn how to perform under pressure, an essential work skill.” [D] He also says there is less chance of cheating with the in-class variety. In 2012, 125 students at Harvard were caught up in a scandal when it was discovered they had cheated on a take-home exam for a class entitled “Introduction To Congress.” Some colleges have what they call an “honor code,” though if you are smart enough to get into these schools, you are either smart enough to get around any codes or hopefully, too ethical to consider doing so. As I  [E] Following the Harvard scandal, Mary Miller, the former dean of students at Yale, made an impassioned appeal to her school’s professors to refrain from take-home exams. “Students risk health and well being, as well as performance in other end-of-term work, when faculty offers take-home exams without clear, time-limited boundaries,” she told me. ”Research now shows that regular quizzes, short essays, and other assignments over the course of a term better enhance learning and retention.” [F] Most college professors agree the king of exam they choose largely depends on the subject. A quantitative-based one, for example, is unlikely to be sent home, where one could ask their older brothers and sisters to help. Vocational-type classes, such as computer science or journalism, on the other hand, are often more research-oriented and lend themselves to take-home testing. Chris Koch, who teaches “History of Broadcast Journalism” at Montgomery Community College in Rockville, Maryland, points out that reporting is about investigation rather than the memorization of minute details. “In my field, it’s not what you know—it’s what you how to find out,” says Koch. “There is way too much information, and more coming all the time, for anyone to remember. I want my students to search out the answers to questions by using all the resources available to them.” [G] Students’ test-form preferences vary, too, often depending on the subject and course difficulty. “I prefer take-home essays because it is then really about the writing, so you have time to edit and do more research,” says Elizabeth Dresser, a junior at Barnard. Then there is the stress factor. Francesca Haass, a senior at Middlebury, says, ”I find the in-class ones are more stressful in the short term, but there is immediate relief as you swallow information like mad, and then you get to forget it all. Take-homes require thoughtful engagement which can lead to longer term stress as there is never a moment when the time is up.” Meanwhile, Olivia Rubin, a sophomore at Emory, says she hardly even considers take-home true exams. “If you understand and material and have the ability to articulate(说出)your thoughts, they should be a breeze.” [H]How students ultimately handle tests may depend on their personal test-taking abilities. There are people who always wait until the last minute, and make it much harder than is needs to be. And then there are those who, not knowing what questions are coming at them, and having no resources to refer to, can freeze. And then there are we rare folk is who fit both those descriptions. [I] Yes, my advanced age must factor into the equation (等式),  in part because of my inability to access  the information as quickly. As another returning student at Columbia, Kate Marber, told me, “We are learning not only all this information, but essentially how to learn again. Our fellow students have just come out of high school. A lot has changed since we were last in school.” [J] If nothing else, the situation has given my college son and me something to share. When I asked his opinion on this matter, he responded, “I like in-class exams because the time is already reserved, as opposed to using my free time at home to work on a test,” he responded. It seems to me that a compromise would be receiving the exam questions a day or two in advance, and then doing the actual test in class with the ticking clock overhead. [K] Better yet, how about what one Hunter College professor reportedly did recently for her final exam: She encouraged the class not to stress or even study, promising that, “It is going to be a piece of cake.” When the students came in, sharpened pencils in hand, there was not a blue book in sight. Rather, they saw a large chocolate cake and they each were given a slice.

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style=text-align: justify; style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px;/Directions: In this section, you will hear three news reports. At the end of each news report, you will hear two or three questions. Both the news report and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px;/Questions 1 and 2 are based on the news report you have just heard.    

1.[单选题]______

A.The man in the car was absent-minded.

B.The test driver made a wrong judgement.

C.The self-driving system was faulty.

D.The car was moving at a fast speed.

2.[单选题]______

A.They have done better than conventional.

B.They have caused several severe crashes.

C.They have posed a threat to other drivers.

D.They have generally done quite well.

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style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px;/ style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px;/
                   A) For many years I have studied global agricultural, population, environmental and economic trends and their interactions. The combined effects of those trends and the political tensions they generate point to the breakdown of governments and societies. Yet I, too, have resisted the idea that food shortages could bring down not only individual governments but also our global civilization.
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px;/  B) I can no longer ignore that risk. Our continuing failure to deal with the environmental declines that are undermining the world food economy forces me to conclude that such a collapse is possible.
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px;/  C) As demand for food rises faster than supplies are growing, the resulting food-price inflation puts severe stress on the governments of many countries. Unable to buy grain or grow their own, hungry people take to the streets. Indeed, even before the steep climb in grain prices in 2008, the number of failing states was expanding. If the food situation continues to worsen, entire nations will break down at an ever increasing rate. In the 20th century the main threat to international security was superpower conflict; today it is failing states.
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px;/  D) States fail when national governments can no longer provide personal security, food security and basic social services such as education and health care. When governments lose their control on power, law and order begin to disintegrate. After a point, countries can become so dangerous that food relief workers are no longer safe and their programs are halted. Failing states are of international concern because they are a source of terrorists, drugs, weapons and refugees(难民), threatening political stability everywhere.
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px;/  E) The surge in world grain prices in 2007 and 2008—and the threat they pose to food security——has a different, more troubling quality than the increases of the past. During the second half of the 20th century, grain prices rose dramatically several times. In 1972, for instance, the Soviets, recognizing their poor harvest early, quietly cornered the world wheat market. As a result, wheat prices elsewhere more than doubled, pulling rice and corn prices up with them. But this and other price shocks were event-driven—drought in the Soviet Union, crop-shrinking heat in the U.S. Corn Belt. And the rises were short-lived: prices typically returned to normal with the next harvest.
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px;/  F) In contrast, recent surge in world grain prices is trend-driven, making it unlikely to reverse without a reversal in the trends themselves. On the demand side, those trends include the ongoing addition of more than 70 million people a year, a growing number of people wanting to move up the food chain to consume highly grain-intensive meat products, and the massive diversion(转向)of U.S. grain to the production of bio-fuel.
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px;/  G) As incomes rise among low-income consumers, the potential for further grain consumption is huge. But that potential pales beside the never-ending demand for crop-based fuels. A fourth of this year’s U.S. grain harvest will go to fuel cars.
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px;/  H).What about supply? The three environmental trends—the shortage of fresh water, the loss of topsoil and the rising temperatures—are making it increasingly hard to expand the world’s grain supply fast enough to keep up with demand. Of all those trends, however, the spread of water shortages poses the most immediate threat. The biggest challenge here is irrigation, which consumes 70% the world’s fresh water. Millions of irrigation wells in many countries are now pumping water out of underground sources faster than rainfall can refill them. The result is falling water tables(地下水位) in countries with half the world’s people, including the three big grain producers—China, India and the U.S.
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px;/  I) As water tables have fallen and irrigation wells have gone dry, China’s wheat crop, the world’s largest, has declined by 8% since it peaked at 123 million tons in 1997. But water shortages are even more worrying in India. Millions of irrigation wells have significantly lowered water tables in almost every state.
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px;/  J) As the world’s food security falls to pieces, individual countries acting in their own self-interest are actually worsening the troubles of many. The trend began in 2007, when leading wheat-exporting countries such as Russia and Argentina limited or banned their exports, in hopes of increasing local food supplies and thereby bringing down domestic food prices. Vietnam banned its exports for several months for the same reason. Such moves may eliminate the fears of those living in the exporting countries, but they are creating panic in importing countries that must rely on what is then left for export.
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px;/  K) In response to those restrictions, grain-importing countries are trying to nail down long-term trade agreements that would lock up future grain supplies. Food-import anxiety is even leading to new efforts by food-importing countries to buy or lease farmland in other countries. In spite of such temporary measures, soaring food prices and spreading hunger in many other countries are beginning to break down the social order.
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px;/  L) Since the current world food shortage is trend-driven, the environmental trends that cause it must be reversed. We must cut carbon emissions by 80% from their 2006 levels by 2020, stabilize the world’s population at eight billion by 2040, completely remove poverty, and restore forests and soils. There is nothing new about the four objectives. Indeed, we have made substantial progress in some parts of the world on at least one of these—the distribution of family-planning services and the associated shift to smaller families.
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px;/  M) For many in the development community, the four objectives were seen as positive, promoting development as long as they did not cost too much. Others saw them as politically correct and morally appropriate. Now a third and far more significant motivation presents itself: meeting these goals may be necessary to prevent the collapse of our civilization. Yet the cost we project for saving civilization would amount to less than $200 billion a year, 1/6 of current global military spending. In effect, our plan is the new security budget.
style=margin: 0px; padding: 0px;/ 

1.[选词填空]Rather than superpower conflict, countries unable to cope with food shortages now constitute the main threat to world security. 

2.[选词填空]The cost for saving our civilization would be considerably less than the world’s current military spending.

3.[选词填空]Increasing water shortages prove to be the biggest obstacle to boosting the world’s grain production.

4.[选词填空]The more recent steep climb in grain prices partly results from the fact that more and more people want to consume meat products.

5.[选词填空]A quarter of this year’s American grain harvest will be used to produce bio-fuel for cars.

6.[选词填空]To lower domestic food prices, some countries limited or stopped their grain exports.

7.[选词填空]Social order is breaking down in many countries because of food shortages.

8.[选词填空]The author has come to agree that food shortages could ultimately lead to the collapse of world civilization.

9.[选词填空]Environmental problems must be solved to ease the current global food shortage.

10.[选词填空]Some parts of the world have seen successful implementation of family planning.

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Section C data-filtered=filtered style=white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box;/ style=white-space: normal;

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